Triblock peptide amphiphiles, micelles and methods of use

ABSTRACT

One aspect of the present invention is directed to triblock peptides comprising a lipid moiety, a peptide block and a zwittenon-like block. Another aspect of the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the triblock peptides of the present in invention arranged in micelles in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are vaccine compositions, which may further comprise an adjuvant. Another aspect of the invention is directed to methods of using the triblock peptides and compositions of the invention to treat a disease or condition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/578,843 filed on Oct. 30, 2017, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions, such as vaccines and immunomodulatory therapies, comprising a triblock peptide and methods of use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Taking inspiration from biomolecules, specifically proteins, biomolecular materials have emerged as a promising bio-materials subfield. Peptide amphiphiles are diblock materials comprised of a hydrophilic peptide tethered to a hydrophobic lipid which self-assemble into micelles in water. These peptide amphiphile micelles (PAMs) possess several advantageous properties over peptides alone including increasing local concentration, preventing dissemination, and enhancing cellular interactions. These desirable characteristics have led to PAMs being studied as therapeutic systems for a variety of biomedical applications including regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and vaccination. It is believed that micellar physical properties, such as size, shape, and surface charge significantly affect their bioactivity.

Over the past two decades, the fundamental thermodynamic principles that govern micelle formation have been characterized. This work has yielded useful tools like the critical packing parameter which can be utilized to predict first-order micellar structures making it much easier to create simple geometries such as spheres and cylinders. While useful, simple micelles are quite limited in their adaptability, functionality, and stability, which has prompted further research into the development of more architecturally complex micellar structures. Recently, twisted and helical micelles have been fabricated demonstrating the feasibility of accessing new structural domains. Understanding the structure—function relationships that govern these novel architectures would allow for the rational design of novel PAM systems capable of carrying out a variety of complex tasks.

Most commercial vaccines are whole-pathogen vaccines, which have some disadvantages. For example, there can be safety issues related to reversion to virulence and autoimmune diseases. In addition, production of whole-pathogen vaccines is complicated, including cell and pathogen culture, toxicity reduction, and purification. The vaccines require refrigerated or frozen storage.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a triblock peptide. The triblock peptide is of the formula:

A-B-C

wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition comprises a triblock peptide of the formula:

A-B-C

wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block. The triblock peptides may be arranged in micelles in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be a vaccine composition, which optionally may additionally comprise an adjuvant.

An additional aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a triblock peptide to the subject, wherein the triblock peptide is of the formula:

A-B-C

wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block. The triblock peptides may be arranged in micelles in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be a vaccine composition, which optionally may additionally comprise an adjuvant.

Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts exemplary ABC triblock peptide amphiphiles of the present invention and exemplary lipids and zwitterion-like blocks.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary micelle vaccine of the present invention carrying a lipid based adjuvant.

FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary micelle vaccine of the present invention carrying a nucleic acid based adjuvant.

FIG. 4 depicts a micrograph of PalmK-OVA_(BT) peptide amphiphile showing it self-assembles into cylindrical micelles in water.

FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C, FIG. 5D, and FIG. 5E depict PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ complex micelle aggregation is pH-dependent. PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ was solubilized in different pH solutions to investigate the impact of this parameter on micelle formation as assessed by negative stain TEM ((FIG. 5A) 2, (FIG. 5B) 7, and (FIG. 5C) 11). The influence pH had on peptide secondary structure was also evaluated by obtaining (FIG. 5D) the CD spectra and using it to (FIG. 5E) estimate secondary structure.

FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C, FIG. 6D, FIG. 6E, and FIG. 6F depict micrographs of PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ at pH=2, 3, 7, 9, 11, and 12, respectively.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B depict CD spectra of PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ (FIG. 7A) and corresponding secondary structure estimation (FIG. 7B). PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ β-sheet content is more difficult to alter than PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) at very acidic or basic conditions. In the top figure spectra, though the fitting program predicts 100% β-sheet content at pH=12, there is a distinctive “dip” at around 205 nm (black rectangle) which indicates a likely conformational change away from β-sheet.

FIG. 8 depicts the disassociation of higher order micellar structures dependent on charge status changes in the zwitterion-like block due to lysine protonation or glutamic acid deprotonation. The formation or disassociation of aggregated twine-like micellar structures is dependent on the zwitterion-like block charge status. At neutral pH, charge complexation across multiple micelles due to local dipole moments is possible. At highly acidic or highly alkaline pH, the zwitterion-like block possesses a significant amount of non-charged glutamic acids or lysines, respectively, yielding electrostatically repulsive peptide segments that prevent complex micelle aggregation.

FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, and FIG. 9C depict micrographs of PalmK-OVA_(BT) at three different pHs (2 (FIG. 9A), 7 (FIG. 9B), and 11 (FIG. 9C)) showing no obvious morphological changes as a function of altering pH indicating the importance of the zwitterion-like region in complex micelle formation.

FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, FIG. 10C, FIG. 10D, and FIG. 10E depict PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) complex micelle aggregation as pH-dependent. PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) was solubilized in different pH solutions to investigate the impact of this parameter on micelle formation as assessed by negative stain TEM ((FIG. 10A) 3, (FIG. 10B) 7, and (FIG. 10C) 11). The influence pH has on peptide secondary structure was also evaluated by (FIG. 10D) obtaining the CD spectra and using it to (FIG. 10E) estimate secondary structure.

FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C depict micrographs at three different magnifications (FIG. 11A—3,000×, FIG. 11B—8,000×, FIG. 11C—20,000×) showing PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) forms both thread-like and braided micelles at neutral pH.

FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B depict a PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ micrograph (FIG. 12A) and a PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) micrograph (FIG. 12B) with micellar diameter measurements of 41.38 nm, 29.71 nm and 115.67 nm.

FIG. 13 depicts micelle braiding dependent on the zwitterion-like block location in PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ and PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT). Micelle aggregation and its effect on the resulting final nanomaterial structure is dependent on how easily dipole surface charges can associate across micelles. For PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT), unmatched dipole surface charges on the twine-like micelles further drive the formation of braided micelles via electrostatic complexation. PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) is expected to form flowerlike micelles to best position the zwitterion-like block in the corona, which significantly reduces amphiphile fluidity within the individual micelle. This limits the capacity for twining to match most or all charge dipoles allowing for the remaining unmated regions to further complex twines into braids.

FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B, FIG. 14C, and FIG. 14D depict electrostatically driven micelle aggregation as insensitive to physiological ion content. Negative-stain TEM revealed that PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ and PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) form twinelike and braidlike micelles, respectively, regardless of whether the amphiphiles were exposed to low salt concentration (i.e., ddH₂O) or high salt concentration (i.e., PBS). Palm2K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ in ddH₂O (FIG.

14A) and in PBS (FIG. 14B) and PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) in ddH₂O (FIG. 14C) and in PBS (FIG. 14D).

FIG. 15A, FIG. 15B, FIG. 15C, and FIG. 15D depict CD spectra of four different PA formulations (FIG. 15A—PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT), FIG. 15B—Palm₂K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT), FIG. 15C—PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄, and FIG. 15D—Palm2K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄) in either ddH₂O (pH adjusted to 7) or in PBS. Certain increases in ion concentration do not significantly alter micellar secondary structure. The CD spectra under 200 nm is variable in PBS solution due the high salt concentration interrupting absorbance at lower wavelengths.

FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D depict micelle shape and aggregation as dependent on hydrophobic content and zwitterion-like block location. Four different OVA_(BT) amphiphile chemistries ((FIG. 16A) PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄, (FIG. 16B) Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄, (FIG. 16C) PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT), and (FIG. 16D) Palm2K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT)) yielded significantly different micellar structures (i.e., (FIG. 16A) twines, (FIG. 16B) spheres/short cylinders, (FIG. 16C) braids, and (FIG. 16D) clusters) at pH 7 as determined by TEM. These results demonstrate that lipid tail number and component block order directly impact the resulting final micelle architecture yielding an array of resulting structures

FIG. 17 depicts a micrograph of Palm2K-OVA_(BT) peptide amphiphile showing it self-assembles into spheres and cylindrical micelles in water.

FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, FIG. 18C, FIG. 18D, FIG. 18E, and FIG. 18F depict micrographs of Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ (FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, and FIG. 18C) and Palm₂K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) (FIG. 18D, FIG. 18E, and FIG. 18F) in ddH₂O at three different pHs. While the micelles dissociated from one another at acidic or basic conditions, no other morphological changes were observed. This result is believed to be caused by hydrophobic interactions being more dominant than the electrostatic interactions.

FIG. 19A, FIG. 19B, FIG. 19C, and FIG. 19D depict CD spectra of Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ (FIG. 19A) and Palm2K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) (FIG. 19C) with their respective secondary structure estimation (FIG. 19B and FIG. 19D, respectively).

FIG. 20A and FIG. 20B depict micrographs of Palm2K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ (FIG. 20A) and Palm2K-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) (FIG. 20B) in ddH₂O (pH adjusted to 7). Significant aggregation of Palm2K-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) was observed whereas only slight aggregation was shown for Palm2K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)_(4.) It is hypothesized that double tail PAs have similar fluidity differences as their single tail counterparts so Palm2K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) is less able to match dipoles within individual micelles allowing for greater multiple micelle complexation.

FIG. 21A, FIG. 21B, and FIG. 21C depict micrographs of Palm₂K-OVA_(BT) (FIG. 21A, FIG. 21B, and FIG. 21C) at three different pHs (2, 7, and 11), showing no obvious morphological changes as a function of altering Ph, indicating the importance of the zwitterion-like region in complex micelle formation.

FIG. 22A, FIG. 22B, FIG. 22C, and FIG. 22D depict micelle shape and aggregation as application-specific peptide insensitive. Four OVA_(CytoT) amphiphile chemistries ((FIG. 22A) PalmK-OVA_(cytoT)-(KE)₄, (FIG. 22B) Palm2K-OVA_(cytoT)-(KE)₄, (FIG. 22C) PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(cytoT), and (FIG. 22D) Palm₂K-(EK)4-OVA_(cytoT)) similar to the OVA_(BT) peptide amphiphiles yielded essentially identical structures (i.e., (FIG. 22A) twines, (FIG. 22B) spheres/short cylinders, (FIG. 22C) braids, and (FIG. 22D) clusters) at pH 7 as determined by TEM.

These results provide evidence that the lipid and zwitterion-like regions dominate micelle formation and subsequent aggregation allowing micelle shape control to be independent of the application-specific peptide included.

FIG. 23 depicts PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 24 depicts Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 25 depicts PalmK-(KE)₄-OVA_(BT) CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 26 depicts Palm₂K-(KE)₄-OVA_(BT) CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 27 depicts PalmK-OVA_(cytoT)-(KE)₄ CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 28 depicts Palm₂K-OVA_(cytoT)-(KE)₄ CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 29 depicts PalmK-(KE)₄-OVA_(cytoT) CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 30 depicts Palm₂K-(KE)₄-OVA_(cytoT) CMC determination at different pH values.

FIG. 31A and FIG. 31B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 31A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 31B) of PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄.

FIG. 32A and FIG. 32B depicts HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 32A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 32B) of Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄.

FIG. 33A and FIG. 33B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 33A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 33B) of PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT).

FIG. 34A and FIG. 34B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 34A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 34B) of Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄.

FIG. 35A and FIG. 35B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 35A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 35B) of PalmK-OVA_(cytoT)-(KE)₄.

FIG. 36A and FIG. 36B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 36A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 36B) of Palm₂K-OVA_(cytoT)-(KE)₄.

FIG. 37A and FIG. 37B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 37A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 37B) of PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(cytoT).

FIG. 38A and FIG. 38B depict HPLC photo diode array detection (FIG. 38A) and mass spectrometry analysis (FIG. 38B) of Palm₂K-(EK)₄-OVA_(cytoT).

FIG. 39A and FIG. 39B depict chemical structure and physical characterization of different VIPAs. At concentrations above their respective CMC values, (FIG. 39A) pVIPA and (FIG. 39B) pzVIPA formed cylindrical micelles and braided micelles, respectively.

FIG. 40A and FIG. 40B depict peptide secondary structure analysis. The influence lipidation and zwitterion-like peptide block inclusion had on peptide secondary structure was evaluated by obtaining the CD spectra (FIG. 40A) and using it to estimate secondary structure (FIG. 40B).

FIG. 41A, FIG. 41B, and FIG. 41C depict anti-inflammatory effects of different VIP formulations. TNF-α secretion from MØs (FIG. 41A) or DCs (FIG. 41B) as well as CD86 expression from DCs (FIG. 41C) were evaluated. LPS greatly increased each of these inflammatory correlates which were diminished to variable extents due to the presence of different concentrations and presentations of VIP. Within a graph, groups that possess different letters have statistically significant differences in mean (p≤0.05) whereas those that possess the same letter are similar (p>0.05).

FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, FIG. 42C, FIG. 42D, FIG. 42E, and FIG. 42F depict inflammatory signal regulation of the lipid moiety (i.e. palmitic acid—Palm). TNF-α secretion from MØs or DCs, as well as CD86 expression from DCs evaluated in the presence (FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, FIG. 42C) or absence (FIG. 42D, FIG. 42E, FIG. 42F) of LPS. Palm was found to have no impact on regulating TNF-α secretion or CD86 expression for cells both at mature stages (FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, FIG. 42C) or immature stages (FIG. 42D, FIG. 42E, FIG. 42F).

Within a graph, groups that possess different letters have statistically significant differences in mean (p≤0.05) whereas those that possess the same letter are similar (p>0.05).

FIG. 43A, FIG. 43B, and FIG. 43C depict immunoregulatory effects of different VIP formulations. The secretion of CCL22 from immature DCs (FIG. 43A) and mature DCs (FIG. 43B) as well as the CD86 expression on DCs (FIG. 43C) was evaluated. The production of T_(reg) recruiting CCL22 was enhanced for some VIPAM formulations. pVIPA significantly increased CD86 expression on immature DCs while the other two VIP formulations did not enhance CD86 expression. Within a graph, groups that possess different letters have statistically significant differences in mean (p≤0.05) whereas those that possess the same letter are similar (p>0.05).

FIG. 44A and FIG. 44B depict CCL22 induction effects of the lipid moiety (i.e. palmitic acid—Palm). The secretion of CCL22 from immature DCs (FIG. 44A) and mature DCs (FIG. 44B) was evaluated. Palm was found to have no impact on CCL22 induction regardless of DC maturation state. Within a graph, groups that possess different letters have statistically significant differences in mean (p≤0.05) whereas those that possess the same letter are similar (p>0.05).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

One aspect of the present invention is directed to triblock peptides comprising a lipid moiety, a peptide block and a zwitterion-like block. The peptides of the invention are useful in forming micelles. It has been found that adding a zwitterion-like block to a peptide-lipid amphiphile provides benefits over use of the peptide-lipid amphiphiles alone.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the triblock peptides of the present in invention arranged in micelles in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The physical properties, such as size, shape and charge of the resulting micelles may be modified by the selection and order of the lipid, peptide and zwitterion-like components of the triblock peptide. These properties are closely related to micelle immunogenicity. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are vaccine compositions. The peptide block of the vaccine may comprise the immunogenic peptide epitope of the target pathogen. The vaccine compositions may further comprise an adjuvant, which may be carried by the vaccine micelles.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to methods of using the triblock peptides, pharmaceutical compositions and vaccine compositions of the present invention to treat a disease or condition in a subject.

I. Triblock Peptide

In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a triblock peptide of the formula:

A-B-C

wherein:

A is a lipid moiety; and

B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block.

The unique ABC triblock peptides of the present invention are capable of forming complex nanostructures. As noted above, this is an improvement over traditional peptide amphiphiles that do not include a zwitterion-like block. These complex nanostructures are discussed in more detail in section II(A), below. Exemplary triblock peptides of the present invention are depicted in FIG. 1, along with exemplary lipids and zwitterion-like blocks.

In some embodiments, the lipid moiety may be a C₂-C₃₈ saturated fatty acid, for example, C₂, C₄, C₆, C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈, C₂₀, C₂₂, C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈, C₃₀, C₃₂, C₃₄, C₃₆, and C₃₈ any number or range of carbon atoms there between. In some embodiments, the lipid moiety may include linkers (e.g., lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, citric acid, and glycerol) that allow for the attachment of one or two fatty acids, or even more, such as three, four, or any number up to eight fatty acids. Suitable lipid moieties include, without limit, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, heneicosylic acid, behenic acid, tricosylic acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, heptacosylic acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, henatriacontylic acid, lacceroic acid, psyllic acid, geddic acid, ceroplastic acid, hexatriacontylic acid, heptatriacontanoic acid, octatricontanoic acid, and their combinations. In certain embodiments discussed herein, the lipid moiety may be palmitic acid.

The lipid moiety may also be a C₂-C₃₈ unsaturated fatty acid, as dicussed above with respect to saturated fatty acids, containing at least one carbon-carbon cis or trans double bond, for example C_(18:3), C_(18:4), C_(20:5), C_(22:6), C_(18:2), C_(20:3), C_(20:4), C_(22:4), C_(16:1), C_(18:1), C_(20:1), C_(22:1), and C_(24:1). Similar to saturated fatty acids, the lipid moiety can consist of one to eight unsaturated fatty acids held together by suitable linker molecules. Suitable lipid moieties include, without limit, α-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, paullinic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, gondoic acid, erucic acid, nervonic acid, mead acid, and their combinations. The lipid moiety can also be a bioactive lipid containing anywhere from one to eight saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids (C₂-C₃₈, as dicussed above with respect to saturated fatty acids), linked together. Suitable bioactive lipid moieties include, without limit, valproic acid, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and its analogs, dipalmityolcysteinylserinyltetralysine (P₂CSK₄), squalamine and its analogs, squalene and its analogs, leukotriene B₄, prostaglandin E₂, thromboxane A₂, prostacyclin I₂, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, N-arrachidonylethanolamine, 2-arachidonylglycerol, N-palmitoylethanolamine, eicosapentaenoic acid, lipoxin A₄, docosahexaenoic acid, resolvin E1, resolvin D1, and maresin 1.

In some embodiments, the peptide block may be a peptide comprised of anywhere from one to fifty amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the lipid moiety may include linkers (e.g., lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, citric acid, and glycerol) that allow for the attachment of one or two peptides, or even more, such as three, four, or any number up to eight peptides. In certain embodiments, the resulting peptide block may range from 75 g/mol to 80,000 g/mol in molecular weight. As used herein, the term peptide refers to one or more linked amino acids, which may comprise, without limit, a portion of a protein, a peptide epitope or a complete protein.

In certain embodiments, the peptide block comprises a peptide to treat or target a disease or condition. In some such embodiments, the peptide block comprises an immunogenic peptide epitope which can be used to produce micelle vaccines. Another embodiment includes a peptide comprised of an immunoactive peptide which can be used to make immunomodulatory micelles. Such vaccines and immunotherapeutics would be safe, cost and time effective, stable at room temperature and have low immugenicity. Other suitable peptides may include peptides to target and/or attack cancer cells (anti-cancer peptides).

Suitable peptide blocks include, without limit, ovalbumin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, for example OVA_(BT) (ESLKISQAVHAAHAEINEAGRE) (SEQ ID NO: 1), OVA_(cytoT) (EQLESIINFEKLTE) (SEQ ID NO: 2), as well as the immunogenic peptides, immunoactive peptides and anti-cancer peptides set forth in Tables 1, 2 and 3, below.

TABLE 1 Peptides for Vaccine Applications Name Sequence Reference (DOI) TB10.4 IMYNYPAM 10.1038/s41598-018-31089-y ESAT6 QQWNFAGI 10.1038/s41598-018-31089-y Ag85B FQDAYNAAGGHNAVF 10.1038/s41598-018-31089-y malaria NANPNANPNANP doi.org/10.1016/j. peptide biomaterials.2012.05.041 antigen

TABLE 2 Peptides for Immune Regulation Applications Name Sequence Reference (DOI) myelin MEVGWYRSPFSRVV 10.1021/ oligodendrocyte HLYRNGK acsnano.6b04001 glycoprotein Peptide Vasoactive HSDAVFTDNYTRLR 10.1039/ Intestinal KQMAVKKYLNSILN c8bm00466h Peptide TNF-alpha SSQNSSDKPVAHVV 10.1016/ antigen ANHQVE j.biomaterials. 2017.09.031

TABLE 3 Peptides for Cancer Applications Name Sequence Reference (DOI) MUC1 (GVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPAH)5 101158/1940-6207.CAPR-12- 0275 Tyrosinase386- FLLHHAFVDSIFEQWLQRHRP 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15- 406 0233 Melan- RNGYRALMDKSLHVGTQCALTRR 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15- A/MART151-73 0233 gp10044-59 WNRQLYPEWTEAQRLD 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15- 0233 Tyrosinase56- AQNILLSNAPLGPQFP 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15- 70 0233 MAGE- TSYVKVLEIHMVKISG 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15- A3281-295 0233 MAGE- LLKYRAREPVTKAE 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15- A1, 2, 3, 6121- 0233 134 N/A KIMDQVQQA 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A RLQEDPPAGV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A KLDVGNAEV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A YLMDTSGKV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A ILDDIGHGV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A LLDRFLATV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A FLYDDNQRV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A ALMEQQHYV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A LLIDDKGTIKL 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A YLIELIDRV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A NLMEQPIKV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 N/A FLAEDALNTV 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10- 2614 NY-ESO-1 SLLMWITQV https ://www.iba- lifesciences.com/details/product/ 6-7013-901 html HER1 DTCPPLMLYNPTTYQMDVN 10.7150/thno.14302 HER2 LHCPALVTYNTDTFESMPN 10.7150/thno.14302 HER3 PRCPQPLVYNKLTFQLEPN 10.7150/thno.14302 HER4 TQCPQTFVYNPTTFQLEHN 10.7150/thno.14302 PS1 MLYNPTTYQMDVN 10.7150/thno.14302 PS2 VTYNTDTFESMPN 10.7150/thno.14302 PS3 LVYNKLTFQLEPN 10.7150/thno.14302 PS4 FVYNPTTFQLEHN 10 7150/thno.14302 WP1 DTCPPLMLYNPTTYQM 10.7150/thno.14302 WP2 LHCPALVTYNTDTFES 10 7150/thno.14302 WP3 PRCPQPLVYNKLTFQL 10.7150/thno.14302 WP4 TQCPQTFVYNPTTFQL 10.7150/thno.14302

In some embodiments, the peptides are selected for treatment of influenza. Exemplary peptides include, without limit, the peptides listed below: Heterogeneous B Cell/Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Amphiphile Micelle Vaccines for Influenza Inhibition and/or Neutralization

Cell Targeting Micelles that also Enhance Micelle-Associated P2C Adjuvanticity

B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21-Specific P1 - RMWPSSTVNLSAGRR B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21-Specific B1 - YILIHRN Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21-Specific P2 - PNLDFSPTCSFRFGC Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21-Specific B2 - PTLDPLP Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - A20-1 BCR - SAKTAVSQRVWLPSHRGGEP Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - A2036 BCR - EYVNCDNLVGNCVI Alternative B Cell Targeting Aptamer - CD19 Aptamer B Cell Epitope Peptide - M2₍₁₎₂₋₂₄ - (M)SLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSD B Cell Epitope Peptide - HA2₁₋₁₄₍₍₍₁₆₎₂₀₎₂₃₎ - GLFGAIAGFIENGW(((EG)MIDG)WYG) B Cell Epitope Peptide - NA₂₂₂₋₂₃₀ - ILRTQSEC Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₁₄₇₋₁₅₅ - TYQRTRALV Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₂₄₃₋₂₅₁ - RESRNPGNA Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide - HA2₆₈₋₈₄ - KEFSEVEGRIQDLEKYV Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - HBsAg₁₉₋₃₃ - FFLLTRILTIPQSLD Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - TpD ILMQYIKANSKFIGIPMGLPQSIALSSLMVAQ Alternative Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - PADRE - A(a)KF(X)VAAWTLKAAA(a) Alternative Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - Pol₇₁₁ - EKVYLAWVPAHKGIG

Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Amphiphile Micelle Vaccines for Clearing Influenza Infected Host Cells

DC Targeting Micelles that also Enhance Micelle-Associated CpG Adjuvanticity

DC Targeting Peptide - NW - NWYLPWLGTNDW DC Targeting Peptide - h11c - ATPEDNGRSFS Alternative DC Targeting Peptide - WH - WPRFHSSVFHTH Alternative DC Targeting Peptide - TP - TPAFRYS Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - PB1₅₉₀₋₅₉₉ - LVSDGGPNLY Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₃₉₋₄₇ - FYIQMCTEL Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₃₆₆₋₃₇₄ - ASNENMETM Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - PA₂₂₄₋₂₃₃ - SSLENFRAYV Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide - M1₅₈₋₆₆ - GILGFVFTL Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide - PA₄₆₋₅₄ - FMYSDFHFI Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide - NS1₁₂₂₋₁₃₀ - AIMDKNIIL

Anti-Viral Peptide Amphiphile Micelles for Influenza Post-Exposure Treatment

Eepithelial Cell Targeting Micelles that also Enhance Micelle-Associated Anti-Viral Bioactivity

Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide E - SERSMNF Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide Y - YGLPHKF Alternative Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide G - PSGAARA Alternative Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide EPI - THALWHT Anti-Viral Peptide - FluPep4 - RRKKWLVFFVIFYFFR Anti-Viral Peptide - LF C-Lobe₅₅₃₋₅₆₃ - NGESSADWAKN Anti-Viral Peptide - PB1₁₋₂₅ - MDVNPTLLFLKVPAQNAISTTFPYT Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - FluPep3 - WLVFFVIFYFFRRRKK Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - LF C-Lobe₄₁₈₋₄₂₉ - SKHSSLDCVLRP Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - Derived EB Peptide - RRKKLAVLLALLA Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - Peptide 6 - CATCEQIADSQHRSHRQMV

Immunomodulatory Amphiphile Micelles for Influenza-Associated Sequelae Symptom Management

Macrophage Targeting Micelles that also Enhance Micelle-Associated Anti-Inflammatory Bioactivity

Macrophage Targeting Peptide - MCP-1 - YNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSK Macrophage Targeting Peptide - LL-37 - LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES Alternative Macrophage Targeting Peptide - CD206 - CSPGAKVRC Alternative Macrophage Targeting Peptide - fMLP - fMLP Immunomodulatory Peptide - VIP - HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN Immunomodulatory Peptide - AF 10847(IL-1R_(ANT)) - ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL Immunomodulatory Peptide - IDR-1018 - VRLIVAVRIWRR Alternative Immunomodulatory Peptide - KAF - KAFAKLAARLYRKALARQLGVAA Alternative Immunomodulatory Peptide - WP9QY - YCWSQYLCY

In some embodiments, the peptide blocks may be synthesized using techniques known to those of skill in the art. Such methods include peptide coupling reagents, such as carbodiimides, aminium/uranium and phosphonium salts, solid supports, such as gel-type supports, surface-type supports, and composites, protecting group schemes, such as Boc/Bzl, Fmoc/tBu, benzyloxy-carbonyl, alloc, and regioselective disulfide bond formation, microwave-assisted synthesis, and on- and off-resin cyclization. Such methods may be used in combination with others, such as solid phase synthesis using Fmoc chemistry.

In some embodiments, the zwitterion-like block is generally comprised of a peptide comprised of a combination of positively charged, negatively charged, and neutral amino acids two to fifty amino acids in length that yields some local regions of positive and negative charge that can facilitate complexation. Suitable zwitterion-like blocks may include, without limit, (α_(X)(β_(Y)δ_(z))_(B) where α, β, and δ consists of a positively charged amino acid (K—lysine and/or R—arginine), a negatively charge amino acid (E—glutamic acid and/or D—aspartic acid), and a neutral amino acid (G—glycine and/or A—alanine) and X, Y, and Z, can be any number from 0-50, and B can be any number from 0-1.

In some embodiments, the zwitterion-like block may include linkers (e.g., lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, citric acid, and glycerol) that allow for the attachment of one or two zwitterion-like peptides, or even more such as three, four, or any number up to eight zwitterion-like peptides. The resulting zwitterion-like block may range from 200 g/mol to 60,000 g/mol in molecular weight. Suitable zwitterion-like blocks may include, without limit, (K_(X)E_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)G_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)K_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)G_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)K_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)E_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)E_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)G_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)R_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)G_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)R_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)E_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)D_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)G_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)K_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)G_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)K_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)D_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)D_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)G_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)R_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)G_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)R_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)D_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)E_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)A_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)K_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)A_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)K_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)E_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)E_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)A_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)R_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)A_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)R_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)E_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)D_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)A_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)K_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)A_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)K_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)D_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)D_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)A_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)R_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)A_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)R_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), and (A_(X)D_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), for which X, Y, and Z, can be any number from 0-50, and B can be any number from 0-1 that results in a peptide from two to fifty amino acids in length.

In some embodiments, the zwitterion-like blocks may be (KE)_(X),(EG)_(X), (KA)_(X), (KG)_(X), including wherein X is 4.

In some embodiments, blocks A, B, and C may be arranged lipid-peptide-zwitterion, lipid-zwitterion-peptide, peptide-lipid-zwitterion, peptide-zwitterion-lipid, zwitterion-lipid-peptide, or zwitterion-peptide-lipid. Each of blocks A, B and C may contain complex, multiple component moieties as discussed above.

The peptide block may be synthesized using techniques known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the peptide block may be synthesized using solid phase synthesis using Fmoc chemistry. During the solid phase synthesis, the Fmoc protecting group may be removed using piperidine in dimethylformamide (DMF).

In some embodiments, the peptide block may be modified by orthogonal deprotection with the aid of either Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH or Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH conjugated to the N terminus of the peptides depending on whether single or multiple lipid moiety conjugation is desired. In a further, embodiment, the two lysine chemistries can be used singularly or in multiple combinations to create from one to eight chemical handles on which lipids can be conjugated. Alternatively, a peptide can be initiated with either Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH or Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH on the C terminus for which a single or multiple amino acids can be included to allow from one to eight chemical handles on which peptides can be built. The same approach can be taken for the zwitterion-like block.

II. Pharmaceutical Composition

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition, the composition comprising a triblock peptide of the formula:

A-B-C

wherein

A is a lipid moiety; and

B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block; and

a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including any of the peptides discussed above.

Preferably, the triblock peptides are arranged in a micelle.

A. Micelles

In some embodiments, the triblock peptide may self-assemble into a micelle in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or other liquid.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, bioactive ligand matching, and hydrogen bonding influence the formation of complex micellar structures comprising the triblock polymers of the preset invention. Additionally, it is believed that hydrophobic self-assembly facilities individual micelle formation whereas dipole electrostatic interactions govern the association of micelle units into complex architectures.

The unique ABC triblock peptides of the present invention are capable of forming complex nanostructures. These include second-order (i.e., twines) and third-order (i.e., braids) micellar aggregates which are driven by intermolecular electrostatic complexation facilitated by the presence of a zwitterion-like peptide block. These interactions were found to be complementary of hydrophobically driven micellar self-assembly conveyed by the use of a fatty acid—based lipid provided these intramolecular forces were similar in strength. The present invention leverages zwitterion-like peptides and their electrostatic interactions to achieve unique, environmentally sensitive micelle aggregates comprised of a variety of interesting and complex architectures.

The inclusion of a zwitterion-like region has several advantages over comparable systems including their biocompatibility, solubility, and synthetic flexibility. Previous research has shown that zwitterionic materials are quite hydrophilic which can contribute to enhance micelle stability as well as favorable interactions with biological systems. Because of block length and PA location choice, considerable control over micelle size, aggregate shape, peptide secondary structure, and stimuli sensitivity can be achieved. When coupled with the fact that these facets were found to be application-specific peptide independent, triblock PAs have the potential to function as a unique platform technology for use in a wide variety of biomedical subfields.

Electrostatic interactions can act as a complementary driving force to hydrophobic self-assembly facilitating the formation of aggregated micellar structures. Like their polymeric analogs, triblock peptide amphiphiles with carefully selected components are believed to be able to yield a wide array of self-assembled nanostructures in solution. Multiple approaches such as changing block sequence, block ratio, and solvent conditions can possibly further alter their structure similarly to other comparable systems.

In certain embodiments, the individual micelles are spherical, cylindrical, or worm-like. These structures can range from 4 nm in diameter for small spherical micelles to 100 μm in length for worm-like micelles.

In some embodiments, micelles bearing a zwitterion-like block undergo electrostatic complexation yielding higher-order structures bearing complex architectures including, without limit, clusters, twines, braids, and nets. These structures can range from 10 nm in diameter for small cluster aggregates to 100 μm in each dimension for net-like aggregates.

Micelle morphology may be determined using techniques known to those of skill in the art. Such techniques include transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Micelle secondary structure may be determined using techniques known to those of skill in the art. Such techniques include circular dichroism (CD).

In some embodiments, the peptides confined within the micelles may form secondary structures including, without limit, a-helix, β-sheet, triple helix, 3-10 helix, and random coil. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that pH influences such secondary structure formation. At neutral and basic pH conditions, a β-sheet conformation has been observed and at acidic pH conditions, a random coil and some a-helix conformations has been observed for certain formulations.

The inclusion of a bioactive peptide and zwitterion-like block has direct impact on micelle charge. Based on zeta potential measurements, the charge of triblock peptide amphiphile micelles can be from −60 mV to 60 mV.

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) may be determined using techniques known to those of skill in the art. Such methods include 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence. In some embodiments, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) may be from about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM. In other embodiments, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) may be about 0.05 μM, about 0.1 μM, about 0.15 μM, about 0.2 μM, about 0.25 μM, about 0.3 μM, about 0.35 μM, about 0.4 μM, about 0.45 μM, about 0.5 μM, about 0.55 μM, about 0.6 μM, about 0.65 μM, about 0.7 μM, about 0.75 μM, about 0.8 μM, about 0.85 μM, about 0.9 μM, about 1.0 μM, about 1.25 μM, about 1.5 μM, about 1.75 μM, about 2.0 μM, about 2.25 μM, about 2.5 μM, about 2.75 μM, about 3.0 μM, about 3.25 μM, about 3.5 μM, about 3.75 μM, about 4.0 μM, about 4.25 μM, about 4.5 μM, about 4.75 μM, about 5.0 μM, about 5.25 μM, about 5.5 μM, about 5.75 μM, about 6.0 μM, about 6.25 μM, about 6.5 μM, about 6.75 μM, about 7.0 μM, about 7.25 μM, about 7.5 μM, about 7.75 μM, about 8.0 μM, about 8.25 μM, about 8.5 μM, about 8.75 μM, about 9.0 μM, about 9.25 μM, about 9.5 μM, about 9.75 μM, about 10.0 μM, about 12.5 μM, about 15 μM, about 17.5 μM, about 20 μM, about 22.5 μM, about 25 μM, about 27.5 μM, about 30 μM, about 32.5 μM, about 35 μM, about 37.5 μM, about 40 μM, about 42.5 μM, about 45 μM, about 47.5 μM, and about 50 μM.

B. Vaccines

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be a vaccine composition. The micelles formed from tribock peptides of the invention can be tailored for the vaccine composition. Vaccine size and shape can determine its ability to travel to lymph node and cell uptake ability. Vaccine charge may affect its ability to interact with cells. The morphology and charge of the micelles comprising the triblock peptide of the invention can be modulated to produce morphologies targeted for the intended use. Micelle morphology is discussed in more detail in Section II(A) above and the Examples. Exemplary immunogenic peptides are discussed in Section I, above.

In some embodiments, the vaccine composition may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as a suitable adjuvant. Adjuvants can create an antigen depot or display danger signals to the host to generate stronger protection. The micelle vaccines of the present invention can be used in combination with adjuvants to enhance the benefits of the vaccine.

The adjuvant may include, without limit, an analgesic adjuvant, an inorganic compound, a mineral oil, a bacterial product, a delivery system, a cytokine, a food-based oil, a nonbacterial organic compound, an oligonucleotide, or a plant based saponin. In some embodiments, suitable adjuvants may include, without limit, an aluminium salt such as aluminium hydroxide or aluminium phosphate, but may also be a salt of calcium, iron or zinc, or may be an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine, or acylated sugars, or may be cationically or anionically derivatised saccharides, polyphosphazenes, biodegradable microspheres, ceramide, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), lipid A derivatives (e.g., of reduced toxicity), 3-O-deacylated MPL [3D-MPL], quit A, Saponin, QS21, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.), AS-2 (Smith-Kline Beecham, Philadelphia, Pa.), CpG oligonucleotides, poly(I:C), bioadhesives and mucoadhesives, microparticles, liposomes, polyoxyethylene ether formulations, polyoxyethylene ester formulations, muramyl peptides, squalamine and its derivatives, squalene and its derivatives, or imidazoquinolone compounds (e.g., imiquamod and its homologues). Human immunomodulators suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include cytokines such as interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte, macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may also be used as adjuvants.

In certain embodiments, the micelle vaccines can be used as an adjuvant delivery vehicle. For example, a lipid based adjuvant, such a ceramide or MPLA, or a nucleic acid based adjuvant, such as CpG-ODN or Poly(I:C) can be carried by the micelle vaccine, as depicted in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Any of the lipid based, nucleic acid based, hydrophobic, and charged adjuvants discussed herein can be delivered by the micelle vaccines of the present invention. The adjuvants may be carried by electrostatic interactions.

C. Pharmaceutically Acceptable Carriers

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention will typically, in addition to the antigenic and adjuvant components mentioned above, comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, which include any excipient that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Suitable excipients are typically large, slowly metabolised macromolecules such as proteins, saccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, sucrose, lactose and lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets or liposomes). Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The vaccines may also contain diluents, such as water, saline, glycerol, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present. Sterile pyrogen-free, phosphate buffered physiologic saline is a typical carrier. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in reference Gennaro, 2000, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, ISBN:0683306472.

Compositions of the present disclosure may be lyophilized or in aqueous form, i.e., solutions or suspensions. Liquid formulations of this type allow the compositions to be administered direct from their packaged form, without the need for reconstitution in an aqueous medium, and are thus ideal for injection. Compositions may be presented in vials, or they may be presented in ready filled syringes. The syringes may be supplied with or without needles. A syringe will include a single dose of the composition, whereas a vial may include a single dose or multiple doses (e.g., 2 doses).

Liquid compositions of the present disclosure are also suitable for reconstituting other compositions from a lyophilized form. Where a composition is to be used for such extemporaneous reconstitution, the invention provides a kit, which may comprise two vials, or may comprise one ready-filled syringe and one vial, with the contents of the syringe being used to reconstitute the contents of the vial prior to injection.

Compositions of the present disclosure may be packaged in unit dose form or in multiple dose form (e.g., 2 doses). For multiple dose forms, vials are preferred to pre-filled syringes. Effective dosage volumes can be routinely established, but a typical human dose of the composition for injection has a volume of 0.5 mL.

In one embodiment, compositions of the present disclosure may have a pH of between about 6.0 and about 8.0, in another embodiment, compositions of the invention have a pH of between 6.3 and 6.9, e.g., 6.6±0.2. Compositions may be buffered at this pH. Stable pH may be maintained by the use of a buffer. If a composition comprises an aluminum hydroxide salt, a histidine buffer may be used. The composition should be sterile and/or pyrogen free.

Compositions of the present disclosure may be isotonic with respect to humans.

Compositions of the present disclosure may include an antimicrobial, particularly when packaged in a multiple dose format. Antimicrobials may be used, such as 2-phenoxyethanol or parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl parabens). Any preservative is preferably present at low levels. Preservative may be added exogenously and/or may be a component of the bulk antigens which are mixed to form the composition (e.g., present as a preservative in pertussis antigens).

Compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a detergent, e.g., a TWEEN (polysorbate), such as TWEEN 80. Detergents are generally present at low levels e.g. <0.01%.

Compositions of the present disclosure may include sodium salts (e.g., sodium chloride) to give tonicity. The composition may comprise sodium chloride. In one embodiment, the concentration of sodium chloride in the composition of the invention is in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg/mL (e.g., 1-50 mg/mL, 2-20 mg/mL, 5-15 mg/mL) and in a further embodiment the concentration of sodium chloride may be 10±2 mg/mL NaCl e.g. about 9 mg/mL.

Compositions of the present disclosure will generally include a buffer. A phosphate or histidine buffer is typical.

Compositions of the present disclosure may include free phosphate ions in solution (e.g., by the use of a phosphate buffer) in order to favor non-adsorption of antigens. The concentration of free phosphate ions in the composition of the invention is in one embodiment between 0.1 and 10.0 mM, or in another embodiment between 1 and 5 mM, or in a further embodiment about 2.5 mM.

D. Dosage Forms

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be formulated into various dosage forms and administered by a number of different means that will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen or antibody. Such compositions can be administered orally, parenterally, or topically in dosage unit formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles as desired. Topical administration may also involve the use of transdermal administration such as transdermal patches or iontophoresis devices. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques. Formulation of drugs is discussed in, for example, Gennaro, A. R., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (18^(th) ed, 1995), and Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, N.Y. (1980). In a specific embodiment, a composition may be an intramuscular formulation.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, caplets, pills, powders, pellets, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active ingredient is ordinarily combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Oral preparations may also be administered as aqueous suspensions, elixirs, or syrups. For these, the active ingredient may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring agents, and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending agents, as well as diluents such as water, ethanol, glycerin, and combinations thereof.

For parenteral administration (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal), the preparation may be an aqueous or an oil-based solution. Aqueous solutions may include a sterile diluent such as water, saline solution, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol such as glycerol, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents; an antibacterial and/or antifungal agent such as benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, thimerosal, and the like; an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; a chelating agent such as etheylenediaminetetraacetic acid; a buffer such as acetate, citrate, or phosphate; and/or an agent for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride, dextrose, or a polyalcohol such as mannitol or sorbitol. The pH of the aqueous solution may be adjusted with acids or bases such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Oil-based solutions or suspensions may further comprise sesame, peanut, olive oil, or mineral oil. The compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carried, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.

For topical (e.g., transdermal or transmucosal) administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are generally included in the preparation. Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is applied as a topical ointment or cream. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredient may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base. Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent. Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles and mouth washes. Transmucosal administration may be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays, aerosol sprays, tablets, or suppositories, and transdermal administration may be via ointments, salves, gels, patches, or creams as generally known in the art.

In certain embodiments, an antigen or antibody of the invention is encapsulated in a suitable vehicle to either aid in the delivery of the antigen or antibody to target cells, to increase the stability of the composition, or to minimize potential toxicity of the composition. As will be appreciated by a skilled artisan, a variety of vehicles are suitable for delivering a composition of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of suitable structured fluid delivery systems may include nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, dendrimers and other phospholipid-containing systems. Methods of incorporating compositions into delivery vehicles are known in the art.

In one alternative embodiment, a liposome delivery vehicle may be utilized. Liposomes, depending upon the embodiment, are suitable for delivery of antigen or antibody in view of their structural and chemical properties. Generally speaking, liposomes are spherical vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The lipid bilayer of a liposome may fuse with other bilayers (e.g., the cell membrane), thus delivering the contents of the liposome to cells. In this manner, antigen may be selectively delivered to a cell by encapsulation in a liposome that fuses with the targeted cell's membrane.

Liposomes may be comprised of a variety of different types of phospholipids having varying hydrocarbon chain lengths. Phospholipids generally comprise two fatty acids linked through glycerol phosphate to one of a variety of polar groups. Suitable phospholipids include phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and linear polyethylenimine (I-PEI). In a specific embodiment, the liposome may be comprised of linear polyethylenimine (I-PEI). The fatty acid chains comprising the phospholipids may range from about 6 to about 26 carbon atoms in length, and the lipid chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Suitable fatty acid chains include (common name presented in parentheses) n-dodecanoate (laurate), n-tetradecanoate (myristate), n-hexadecanoate (palmitate), n-octadecanoate (stearate), n-eicosanoate (arachidate), n-docosanoate (behenate), n-tetracosanoate (lignocerate), cis-9-hexadecenoate (palmitoleate), cis-9-octadecanoate (oleate), cis,cis-9,12-octadecandienoate (linoleate), all cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (linolenate), and all cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (arachidonate). The two fatty acid chains of a phospholipid may be identical or different. Acceptable phospholipids include dioleoyl PS, dioleoyl PC, distearoyl PS, distearoyl PC, dimyristoyl PS, dimyristoyl PC, dipalmitoyl PG, stearoyl, oleoyl PS, palmitoyl, linolenyl PS, and the like.

The phospholipids may come from any natural source, and, as such, may comprise a mixture of phospholipids. For example, egg yolk is rich in PC, PG, and PE, soy beans contains PC, PE, PI, and PA, and animal brain or spinal cord is enriched in PS. Phospholipids may come from synthetic sources too. Mixtures of phospholipids having a varied ratio of individual phospholipids may be used. Mixtures of different phospholipids may result in liposome compositions having advantageous activity or stability of activity properties. The above mentioned phospholipids may be mixed, in optimal ratios with cationic lipids, such as N-(1-(2,3-dioleolyoxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride, 1,1′-di octadecyl -3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchloarate, 3,3′-deheptyloxacarbocyanine iodide, 1,1′-dedodecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetram ethylindocarb ocyanine perchloarate, 1, 1′-dioleyl-3,3,3′,3tetramethylindo carbocyanine methanesulfonate, N-4-(delinoleylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide, or 1,1,-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchloarate.

Liposomes may optionally comprise sphingolipids, in which sphingosine is the structural counterpart of glycerol and one of the one fatty acids of a phosphoglyceride, or cholesterol, a major component of animal cell membranes. Liposomes may optionally contain pegylated lipids, which are lipids covalently linked to polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEGs may range in size from about 500 to about 10,000 Daltons.

Liposomes may further comprise a suitable solvent. The solvent may be an organic solvent or an inorganic solvent. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), methylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetronitrile, alcohols, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, or combinations thereof.

Liposomes carrying antigen or antibody may be prepared by any known method of preparing liposomes for drug delivery, such as, for example, detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,241,046, 4,394,448, 4,529,561, 4,755,388, 4,828,837, 4,925,661, 4,954,345, 4,957,735, 5,043,164, 5,064,655, 5,077,211 and 5,264,618, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. For example, liposomes may be prepared by sonicating lipids in an aqueous solution, solvent injection, lipid hydration, reverse evaporation, or freeze drying by repeated freezing and thawing. In a preferred embodiment the liposomes are formed by sonication. The liposomes may be multilamellar, which have many layers like an onion, or unilamellar. The liposomes may be large or small. Continued high-shear sonication tends to form smaller unilamellar lipsomes.

As would be apparent to one of ordinary skill, all of the parameters that govern liposome formation may be varied. These parameters include, but are not limited to, temperature, pH, concentration of methionine compound, concentration and composition of lipid, concentration of multivalent cations, rate of mixing, presence of and concentration of solvent.

III. Methods

In an additional aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject. The method comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a triblock peptide to the subject, wherein the triblock peptide is of the formula: A-B-C wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block, including any of the peptides discussed above. The triblock peptide is preferably administered in a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, including any of the pharmaceutical compositions discussed above. The pharmaceutical composition may be a vaccine composition of the present invention, including any of the vaccine compositions discussed above.

A. Administration

In certain aspects, a therapeutically-effective amount of a triblock peptide may be administered to a subject. Administration is performed using standard effective techniques.

B. Disease or Condition

In some embodiments, the disease or condition may be a pathogenic induced disease or condition, cancer or an autoimmune disease or condition. Such autoimmune diseases may include, without limit, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, lupus, celiac disease, crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, glomerulonephritis, chronic Lyme disease, Addison's disease, psoriasis, and scleroderma.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has distinct anti-inflammatory effects including downregulating TNF-α by activated antigen presenting cells (APCs), specifically macrophages (MØs) and dendritic cells (DCs).

C. Dosage

Dosages of the triblock peptide can vary between wide limits, depending on the disease or condition to be treated, the age of the subject, and the condition of the subject to be treated.

Duration of treatment could range from a single dose administered on a one-time basis to a life-long course of therapeutic treatments. The duration of treatment can and will vary depending on the subject and the disease or disorder to be treated. For example, the duration of treatment may be for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days. Or, the duration of treatment may be for 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks or 6 weeks. Alternatively, the duration of treatment may be for 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months. In still another embodiment, the duration of treatment may be for 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, or greater than 5 years. It is also contemplated that administration may be frequent for a period of time and then administration may be spaced out for a period of time. For example, duration of treatment may be 5 days, then no treatment for 9 days, then treatment for 5 days.

The frequency of dosing may be once, twice, three times or more daily or once, twice, three times or more per week or per month, or as needed as to effectively treat the symptoms or disease. In certain embodiments, the frequency of dosing may be once, twice or three times daily. For example, a dose may be administered every 24 hours, every 12 hours, or every 8 hours. In other embodiments, the frequency of dosing may be once, twice or three times weekly. For example, a dose may be administered every 2 days, every 3 days, or every 4 days. In a different embodiment, the frequency of dosing may be one, twice, three or four times monthly. For example, a dose may be administered every 1 week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, or every 4 weeks.

D. Subject

As used herein, “subject” refers to, but are not limited to, a human, a livestock animal, a companion animal, a lab animal, and a zoological animal. In another embodiment, the subject may be a livestock animal. In some embodiments, the subject may be a bovine animal, a porcine animal, or a poultry animal. In other embodiments, the subject may be a cow, a pig, or a chicken. Non-limiting examples of suitable livestock animals may include pigs, cows, horses, goats, sheep, llamas, and alpacas. In yet another embodiment, the subject may be a companion animal. Non-limiting examples of companion animals may include pets such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and birds. In yet another embodiment, the subject may be a zoological animal. In an alternative embodiment, the subject may be a human.

The human subject may be of any age. In some embodiments, the human subject may be about 20, about 25, about 30, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95 years of age or older. In some embodiments, the human subject is 30 years of age or older. In other embodiments, the human subject is 40 years of age or older. In other embodiments, the human subject is 45 years of age or older. In yet other embodiments, the human subject is 50 years of age or older. In still other embodiments, the human subject is 55 years of age or older. In other embodiments, the human subject is 60 years of age or older. In yet other embodiments, the human subject is 65 years of age or older. In still other embodiments, the human subject is 70 years of age or older. In other embodiments, the human subject is 75 years of age or older. In still other embodiments, the human subject is 80 years of age or older. In yet other embodiments, the human subject is 85 years of age or older. In still other embodiments, the human subject is 90 years of age or older.

Definitions

When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the preferred aspects(s) thereof, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, and the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. 1994. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry,” Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry,” 5th Ed., Smith, M. B. and March, J., eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

As various changes could be made in the above-described materials and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and in the examples given below, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

The term “vaccine” as used herein means a composition that when administered to a subject, typically elicits a protective immune response, where a protective immune response is one that ameliorates one or more symptoms of the target disorder.

The terms “treat” or “treating” are meant to mean preventing or delaying an initial or subsequent occurrence of a disease or condition; increasing the disease-free survival time between the disappearance of a disease or condition and its reoccurrence; stabilizing or reducing an adverse symptom associated with a disease or condition; or inhibiting or stabilizing the progression of a disease or condition. This includes prophylactic treatment, in which treatment before the disease or condition is established, prevents or reduces the severity or duration of the disease or condition. In another embodiment, the length of time a patient survives after being diagnosed with a disease or condition and treated using a method of the invention is at least 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, or even 500% greater than (i) the average amount of time an untreated patient survives, or (ii) the average amount of time a patient treated with another therapy survives.

EXAMPLE S

The following examples are included to demonstrate various embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

The following abbreviations are used throughout the Examples: DIPEA: N,N-diisopropylethylamine; Fmoc: 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl; HBTU: 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetran ethyluronium hex afluorophosphate; HOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; HPLC:

high pressure liquid chromatography; LC-ESI-MS: liquid chromatography-Electro Spray Ionization-mass spectrometry; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid; Trt: Trityl; TIS: Triisopropylsilane; tBu: t-butyl , Pbf: 2,2,4,6, 7-pentamethyl-dihydroben-zofurane-5-sulfonyl, Boc: t-Butoxy.

Example 1 Instructive Design of Triblock Peptide Amphiphiles for Structurally Complex Micelle Fabrication

Introduction

Although triblock peptide amphiphiles with a cationic region have been widely studied for nucleic acid therapeutic delivery, the use of electrostatic interactions for intermolecular attraction within a triblock peptide amphiphile has not previously been reported. Peptide amphiphiles were synthesized with a third region, (KE)_(4:)-Lys-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Glu-, a zwitterion-like peptide capable of participating in electrostatic interactions yielding triblock peptide amphiphiles capable of both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.

In this example, two model ovalbumin peptide sequences were explored: OVA_(BT) (ESLKISQAVHAAHAEINEAGRE), a linked recognition B cell and helper T cell immunogenic epitope, and OVACytoT (EQLESIINFEKLTE), a cytotoxic T cell immunogenic epitope, in order to establish the flexibility of this foundational product for future biomedical applications. These peptides were individually linked to (KE)₄ and single or double fatty acid lipids to yield the eight ABC triblock peptide amphiphiles shown in FIG. 1 These materials were synthesized and then self-assembled in water for which their output micellar structures were characterized.

Experimental Section

Peptides were synthesized on Sieber amide resin (Chem-Impex International, SC Wood Dale, Ill.) by solid phase synthesis on a multiple peptide synthesizer (Advanced ChemTech 396 Omega, Louisville, Ky.) using Fmoc chemistry. The peptide chain was assembled by sequential acylation (20 minute coupling) with in situ activated Fmoc amino acids. Recoupling was automatically performed at every cycle. Fmoc amino acid activation was carried out using uronium salts (HBTU, 2.7 eq., HOBT 3 equiv) and DIEA (6 equiv). Amino acid side chain protecting groups were tBu (Glu, Ser), Boc (Lys), Trt (Gln, His, Asn), and Pbf (Arg). Fmoc protecting groups were removed at each amino acid addition cycle by treatment with 25% piperidine in dimethylformamide (DMF) for 15 minutes. Palmitic acid (Palm) tail modification was achieved by orthogonal deprotection with the aid of either Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH or Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH conjugated to the N terminus of the peptides depending on whether single or double fatty acid lipid conjugation was desired. Dde was removed by treating the peptide on resin with 2% Hydrazine in DMF. Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH, and Palm conjugation were conducted manually in a glass reaction vessel (Chemglass, Vineland, N.J.). All peptides were cleavage from resin and their side groups deprotected via a single-step reaction consisting of 2 hour exposure to the following mixture: TFA, thioanisole, phenol, water, ethandithiol and triisopropylsilane (87.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5). Precipitation and multiple washing with diethyl ether yielded crude peptide product. All products synthesized were characterized by analytical high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC, Beckmann Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.) and purified by mass spectrometry aided semipreparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (LC-MS) using either a C4 or C18 column (Milford, Mass.) and in-house optimized solvent gradients (FIG. 31, FIG. 32, FIG. 33, FIG. 34, FIG. 35, FIG. 36, FIG. 37, and FIG. 38). All reagents used were HPLC grade or peptide synthesis grade. TFA, HBTU, and HOBt were obtained from Oakwood Product INC, Estill, S.C. The Fmoc amino acid derivatives and Sieber resin were obtained from Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, Ill. Solvents such as piperidine, DIEA, phenol, and triisopropylsilane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.

Critical micelle concentration (CMC) was measured indirectly by 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence. DPH becomes significantly brighter when trapped within a hydrophobic domain so a rapid change in fluorescence corresponds to the presence of micelles. Peptide amphiphile solutions were serially diluted in 1 μM 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (DPH) containing 0.01% THF and allowed to equilibrate for 1 hour prior to fluorescence measurement (ex. 350 nm, em. 428 nm) by a BioTek Cytation 5 fluorospectrophotometer. The resulting data was fit with two trend lines and the fluorescence inflection point was interpreted as the CMC (Table 4 and FIG. 23, FIG. 24, FIG. 25, FIG. 26, FIG. 27, FIG. 28, FIG. 29, and FIG. 30).

TABLE 4 CMC values of all peptide amphiphiles utilized at different pHs. In some groups there was no micelle formation observed at any concentration, so those groups are shown as not available (N/A) pH Unit (μM) 2 3 7 9 11 12 PBS PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ 0.33 0.27 0.25 0.41 0.19 0.26 0.22 PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) 0.26 0.45 0.32 0.27 0.2 0.28 0.35 Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ 0.31 0.33 0.21 0.2  0.21 0.35 0.27 Palm₂K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) 0.44 0.32 0.35 0.29 0.27 0.23 0.31 PalmK-OVA_(cytoT)- 0.19 0.31 0.17 N/A N/A N/A 0.16 (KE)₄ PalmK-(EK)₄- 0.24 0.3 0.16 N/A N/A N/A 0.29 OVA_(cytoT) Palm₂K-OVA_(cytoT)- 0.45 0.17 0.21 0.28 N/A N/A 0.29 (KE)₄ Palm₂K-(EK)₄- 0.33 0.2 0.3 N/A N/A N/A 0.28 OVA_(cytoT)

Micelle morphology was assessed by negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM grids (200 mesh) with standard thickness carbon support films were purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences and glow discharged for 45 seconds (Pelco Easiglow) to impart a negative charge. Product solutions (5 μL) were added to freshly glow-discharged films and incubated for 5 minutes. Filter paper was used to wick away excess solution and 5 μL of nanotungsten (Nanoprobes, Inc.) was immediately added. After 5 minute of incubation, grids were blotted dried and stored for later use. Samples were imaged with a JEOL JEM-1400 TEM at 120 kV for shape assessment. Tilt series images were collected at 200 kV, spot size 4, gun lens of 5, and extraction voltage of 3950 sA at a nominal 23,000× magnification with an underfocus of 1 sm. Tilt increments were collected every 2 degrees with a tilt range of ±70°, starting at 0°, with the negative half of the tilt series collected using FEI Xplore3D. Frames were aligned using IMOD with the patch-tracking algorithm using the entire imaged area for frame alignment and reconstructed with the weighted back projection algorithm. Micellar diameters were measured using ImageJ software (NIH). Three different spots from each micelle were measured and the results from three separate micelles were averaged for each group.

Micelle secondary structure was investigated by circular dichroism using a circular dichroism spectrometer model 62DS (Aviv Biomedical, Inc., Lakewood, N.J.). Micelle solutions (40 μM) were loaded into a 1 mm cuvette and measured a total of 10 times from 190 to 250 nm with an interval of 1 nm. The averaged data was curve fit using a linear combination of polylysine basis structures to calculate approximate a-helix, /3-sheet, and random coil content.

Results and Discussion

Electrostatic Interactions Effect. Cylindrical or worm-like micelles has been the most commonly observed ultrastructure for traditional diblock peptide amphiphile micelles. Thus, it was not surprising that the diblock peptide amphiphile micelle PalmK-OVA_(BT) formed similar cylindrical micelles in water (FIG. 4). To investigate the impact that including a zwitterion-like block has on peptide amphiphile micelle structure, we first included the zwitterion-like region (KE)₄ at the C terminus of PalmK-OVA_(BT) forming PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄. TEM revealed that this triblock peptide amphiphile formed cylindrical micelles quite sensitive to changes in solution pH (FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C, FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C, FIG. 6D, FIG. 6E, and FIG. 6F). In specific, PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ micelles twisted together in pairs to form twine-like structures at neutral pH with an average length of 2.31±0.60 μm (FIG. 5B). These higher-order micelles mostly dissociated into individual thread-like, cylindrical micelles in highly acidic (pH=2, FIG. 5A) or highly basic (pH=11, FIG. 5C) solution conditions which are highlighted by red arrows. Peptide secondary structure was also affected by pH as evidenced by significant shifts in the sample CD spectra (FIG. 5D and FIG. 7A) and corresponding secondary structure content estimation (FIG. 5E and FIG. 7B). Neutral and basic pH conditions yielded 100% β-sheet conformation and acidic pH conditions caused a significant shift toward mostly random coil and some α-helical confirmation.

Since glutamic acid has a pK_(a) of 4.07 and lysine has a pK_(a) of 10.53, the zwitterion-like (KE)₄ block should possess a net positive charge at highly acidic pH, a near net zero charge at neutral pH, and a net negative charge at highly basic pH (FIG. 8). Zeta potential measurement of the (KE)₄ peptide region alone at neutral pH was found to be slightly negative that became highly positively or negatively charged under acidic or basic conditions, respectively (Table 5), confirming the pH sensitivity of the region. The alternating charge groups of (KE)₄ at neutral pH can create local dipole moments that allow for intermicellar complexation yielding the observed twining behavior. At low pH and high pH utilized, not all of the glutamic acids or lysines will be protonated or deprotonated, respectively, but the local change in (KE)₄ block charge is significant enough to repulse one another yielding individual thread-like micelles. By contrast, when the zwitterion-like region was excluded (i.e., PalmK-OVA_(BT)), no significant morphology changes were observed when pH was altered (FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, and FIG. 9C) thereby revealing that the inclusion of the zwitterion-like region is key for twine-like micelle formation. Though twine-like micelles share some similar overall shape characteristics as previously reported ribbon-like micelles, those structures are individual micelles whose formation is governed by unevenly distributed hydrogen bonding and were found to be insensitive to changes in solution pH. When the hydrophobic region (i.e. PalmK) was excluded (i.e., OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄), no ultrastructure structure was detected using TEM (data not shown) revealing that the hydrophobic driving force is vital to the micelle formation necessary to achieve twine-like ultrastructure. These results together further indicated that the formation of twine-like micelles relies on the presence of both electrostatic attraction forces and hydrophobic interactions.

TABLE 5 Zeta potential measurement of the zwitterion-like peptide region alone (i.e. (KE)₄) under different pH conditions (i.e. 2, 7, and 11). pH 2 7 11 Zeta Potential (mV) 31.4 ± 2.9 −7.8 ± 1.2 −18.1 ± 4.7

Since triblock peptide amphiphiles possess both a zwitterion-like peptide and an application-specific peptide, the overall secondary structure is expected to be dictated by synergy or competition between the constituents. An (EK)_(X) peptide has been found to be weakly structured as mostly random coil with trace a-helical behavior. With lysine deprotonation, the sequence is similar to (EG)_(X) which has been shown to be entirely β-sheet. In contrast, (KA)_(X) and (KG)_(X), sequences analogous to protonated glutamic acid (KE)₄, have been observed as possessing strong a-helical and some random coil secondary structure. OVA_(BT) is part of a (3-ladder within the ovalbumin protein and micellization has been previously shown to force peptides to reform their protein-based secondary structure, so it is expected to form a β-sheet within the micelle. At pH 11, it is unsurprising that PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ possessed β-sheet confirmation since both portions of the peptide independently possess this secondary structure. At pH 7, PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ was found to be entirely β-sheet indicating OVA_(BT) dominated the overall secondary structure. At pH 2, the two peptide components have strong, competing structures which yielded a mix of a-helical, β-sheet, and random coil behavior.

Zwitterion-Like Block Location Effect. In ABC triblock polymer research, it has been shown that block location plays an important role in determining material ultrastructure. It was hypothesized that changing the block position in the ABC triblock PAs could affect micellar properties prompting the design of PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) which, as expected, yielded a significant change in micelle morphology that was also found to be pH sensitive (FIG. 10A,

FIG. 10B, and FIG. 10C). Interestingly, PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) individual micelles twined together like PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄, but self-assembled further by wrapping together three twines to form higher order structures at neutral pH up to tens of microns in length (FIG. 10B, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C). These complex micelles were found to possess similar pH sensitivity to twine-like micelles as demonstrated by their dissociation into thread-like micelles in solution conditions that were highly acidic (pH=3, FIG. 10A) or highly basic (pH=11, FIG. 10C). Peptide secondary structure was similarly affected by pH as evidenced by changes in the CD spectra (FIG. 10D) and secondary structure content (FIG. 10E). Therefore, similarly to twine-like micelles, electrostatic attractive forces between individual cylinders are believed to be the driving force for forming braid-like micelles at moderate to neutral pH.

The diameter of the thread-like micelles in PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) were found to be similar in size to PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(EK)4 thread-like micelles (FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B and Table 6). This indicates that individual cylindrical micelles are the building blocks of both complex micellar structures. However, these formulations yielded quite different final ultrastructures at neutral pH. While both PAs are believed to undergo intermicellar dipole moment matching, PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) is thought to be unable to pair all of its surface dipole moments during the twining process (FIG. 13). These unmatched dipole moments participate in further electrostatic interactions by twisting together several twine-like micelles to form braid-like micelles. This difference in dipole moment matching is supported by the molecular fluidity dissimilarities expected between the two PAs. Individual PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ PAs transition from very hydrophobic (PalmK) to modestly hydrophilic (OVA_(BT)) to highly hydrophilic ((KE)₄) likely aligning in this orientation from the core to the corona of the micelle allowing for significant PA mobility in the nanostructure. In contrast, confining the most hydrophilic block to the middle, PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) causes the PAs to bend the OVA_(BT) block back toward the core exposing the more hydrophilic (EK)₄ block on the corona yielding flower-like micelles. This physical confinement makes PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) PAs less mobile and unable to rearrange in ways that fully charge match during the twining process therefore requiring further complexation through braiding to associate additional dipole moments. This extra complexation means fewer charge matches between each twine yielding overall weaker intermolecular forces holding them together. This theory is corroborated by the less extreme pH changes (i.e., 3/11 versus 2/12) required to break apart the individual micelles and the more significant extent of dissociation seen for PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) PAMs (FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, FIG. 10C, FIG. 10D, and FIG. 10E) compared to PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ PAMs (FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C, FIG. 5D, and FIG. 5E).

TABLE 6 PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ and PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) thread-like micelle diameter measurements at highly acidic or basic conditions. PALMK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ Diameter (nm) pH = 2  5.14 ± 0.75 pH = 11 4.99 ± 0.63 PALMK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) Diameter (nm) pH = 3  4.87 ± 0.59 pH = 11 4.22 ± 0.52

Similar to twine-like micelles, braided micelles not only dissociate into individual micelles at extreme pH but also saw changes to their peptide secondary structure. At extreme pHs, β-sheet content was largely decreased and was accompanied by a great increase in random coil content. This indicates weakened hydrogen bonding supporting the theory that electrostatic interactions play a role in these molecular interactions in addition to peptide backbone orientation. There are significant differences regarding secondary structure due to block position location, most notably less β-sheet formation in basic conditions and greater a-helical content in extreme pH conditions for PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) than PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)_(4.) This behavior is expected due to the flower-like orientation of the PAs within the micelles where physical confinement makes intermolecular bonding more difficult and intramolecular bonding more favorable, the latter of which could explain the increase in α-helical content. Additionally, PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) thread-like micelles were occasionally observed as small fibers at neutral pH (FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C). This indicates the existence of different types of β-sheet formation due to different orientations of carbonyl-amide stretching. Thread-like micelle fibers form when hydrogen bonding occurs in two parallel planes, in which case the stretching angle is 0°. However, as the angle increases up toward 90°, hydrogen bonding can take place at a variable pitch facilitating intermolecular bonds between individual micelles. While somewhat similar looking structures as braided micelles have been previously observed by leveraging hydrogen bonding through polar amino acids, the formation and final structure of braided micelles described here are fundamentally different. Dipole interactions created by the zwitterion-like block is the key driving force of these complex structures and something that has yet to be demonstrated in the literature.

Physiological Ion Concentration Effect. Modulating pH through the addition of hydrochloric acid (HC1) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) also changed solution ion concentration. Since electrostatic interactions have been reported to be sensitive to ion content in some cases, it was worth investigating the impact ions have on complex micelle formation. In order to understand the ion effect on micelles for medical applications, PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ and PalmK-(EK)4-OVA_(BT) were dissolved in micelles in either neutral pH corrected milli-Q double distilled water (ddH₂O) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). No significant differences were observed for either morphology (FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B, FIG. 14C, and FIG. 14D) or secondary structure (FIG. 15A, FIG. 15B, FIG. 15C, and FIG. 15D) regardless of which solution was used. This indicates that physiological ion interactions are unable to disrupt PA dipole interactions and also confirmed that the disassociation of the complex micelles was due to breaking dipole electrostatic interactions rather than ion charge shielding. Additionally, this revealed that complex micelle structures are expected to be stable in physiologic environments.

Hydrophobic Block Effect. The PA hydrophobic moiety has been found to play an important role in micellization, impacting the resulting nanomaterial properties. To investigate the effect of this region on triblock PAs, two different hydrophobic blocks possessing either one (PalmK) or two (Palm2K) palmitic acid tails were tested. The ability to change the number of hydrophobic tails was achieved by orthogonally protecting the N-terminal non-native lysine so that either one or two palmitic acid tails could be conjugated. Adding a second tail was found to dramatically alter micellar morphology, both for micelles that with a zwitterion-like region (FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D), and without a zwitterion-like region (FIG. 17). At neutral pH, the presence of a second palmitic acid for the external zwitterion-like block PAs (i.e., Palm2K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄) changed the output micellar structure from twine-like (FIG. 16A) seen with its single palmitic acid counterpart (i.e., PalmK-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄) to a mixture of spherical and short cylindrical micelles (FIG. 16B). A similar phenomenon was observed with internal zwitterion-like block PAs (i.e., Palm2K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT)) transitioned the resulting micelle structure from braid-like (FIG. 16C) created by its single palmitic acid counterpart (i.e., PalmK-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT)) to cluster micelles (FIG. 16D). Interestingly, the two hydrophobic tail products showed minimal morphological (FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, FIG. 18C, FIG. 18D, FIG. 18E, and FIG. 18F) and secondary structure (FIG. 19A, FIG. 19B, FIG. 19C, and FIG. 19D) changes due to pH-controlled zwitterion-like block charge modification. Slight aggregation was observed for Palm₂K-OVA_(BT)-(KE)₄ and significant aggregation was seen for Palm₂K-(EK)₄-OVA_(BT) at neutral pH (FIG. 20A and FIG. 20B), but this association was found to be more disorganized and pH sensitive (FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, FIG. 18C, FIG. 18D, FIG. 18E, and FIG. 18F) than single tail PAMs. This result is believed to be caused by the increased hydrophobic content of the double tail PAMs acting as a much stronger molecular driving force than electrostatic interactions as compared to these forces being more equal in strength for single tail PAMs. Unsurprisingly, Palm₂K-OVA_(BT), like PalmK-OVA_(BT), showed no sensitivity to pH adjustment as no electrostatically sensitive region was included in this formulation (FIG. 21A, FIG. 21B, and FIG. 21C).

Peptide Block Effect. While the hydrophobic block and zwitterion-like block are clearly important in controlling micelle morphology and peptide secondary structure, it is unclear if the application-specific peptide plays a significant role in these properties. To investigate its importance, the OVA_(BT) peptide sequence was replaced with a significantly different one (i.e., OVA_(CytoT)). Remarkedly, the four OVA_(CytoT) micelle structures (FIG. 22A, FIG. 22B, FIG. 22C, and FIG. 22D) that correspond to the four OVA_(BT) micelle structures (FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D) showed no discernible differences in morphology. These results directly demonstrate the versatility of triblock PAMs to be utilized as a biomaterials platform for the controlled delivery of different bioactive peptides. In specific, complex micelle shape control is extremely valuable for isolating the effect of micelle morphology. For instance, when designing biomaterials-based devices for intravascular drug delivery, vehicle size is important for the prevention of vessel obstruction. By contrast, regenerative medicine applications require fiber or net-like structures as scaffolds for developing neotissue. By knowing the application requirements, micellar structures can be created that possess a wide range of desirable physical properties.

Example 2 Immunomodulatory Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Amphiphile Micelles

Introduction

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide that has distinct anti-inflammatory effects including downregulating TNF-α production by activated antigen presenting cells (APCs), specifically macrophages (MØs) and dendritic cells (DCs). It has also been shown to induce DCs to secrete CCL22 which recruit regulatory T cells (T_(reg)s) that can facilitate localized tolerance. These immunomodulatory effects have led to the extensive research of VIP as a treatment for a variety of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Though exciting, VIP-based therapeutics possess drawbacks similar to other peptide-based therapies including a short-half life and minimal local retention when delivered in vivo. Thus, designing an appropriate delivery vehicle is crucial for optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of VIP.

In this study, VIP amphiphiles (VIPAs) were created to investigate their capacity to form micelles (VIPAMs) and potentiate the bioactivity of VIP. Physical and biological characterization experiments revealed unique properties for each formulation suggesting VIPAMs hold tremendous potential as a new treatment modality.

Experimental section

VIPA design and physical characterization: Based on our recent research, two VIPA chemistries were produced. The first VIPA was synthesized by directly conjugating palmitic acid (Palm) to the N-terminus of VIP to form Palm-VIP, HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN (SEQ ID NO: 3), (pVIPA—FIG. 39A). The second VIPA included a zwitterion-like peptide region between Palm and VIP yielding PalmK-(EK)₄-VIP, KEKEKEKEKHSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN (SEQ ID NO: 4) (pzVIPA—FIG. 39B). Micellization of each VIPA was characterized using a critical micelle (CMC) assay and negative-stain aided transmission electron microscopy (TEM). pVIPA was found to have a very low CMC (i.e. 0.08 μM) whereas pzVIPA possesses a CMC two orders of magnitude greater (i.e. 9.3 μM). While the addition of the hydrophilic block may have been expected to maintain or decrease the CMC, peptide folding to orient the most hydrophilic section externally can induce bending in the PA that may prevent straightforward micellar packing. This phenomenon has been previously observed by other researchers, and though it raises the CMC significantly, 9.3 μM is still likely low enough to be within the VIP therapeutic window. Interestingly, the two VIPAs yielded different micellar architectures with pVIPA and pzVIPA assembling into cylindrical and braided micelles, respectively. These results align with our previously published work showing that diblock PAs like pVIPA commonly form cylindrical micelles and triblock PAs with the same chemical orientation as pzVIPA self-assemble into braided micelles. The cylindrical micelles were found to be several hundred nanometers to a micron in length whereas the braided micelles were about an order of magnitude greater in length. This increased length is likely due to the intermicellar electrostatic complexation we have previously described for similar triblock PAs. Generally, particles in this size range have been found to be sterically hindered from interstitial transport facilitating their enhanced injection site retention and making them promising candidates for prolonged drug delivery applications. This is further supported by our previous findings that braided PAMs possess limited cell uptake and lymph node drainage capacity making them well suited for sustained, localized VIP delivery. The secondary structure of the three different VIP formulations was characterized by circular dichroism (CD, FIG. 40A and FIG. 40). Similar to previously reported observations, palmitic acid conjugation to VIP increased peptide β-sheet content. The addition of a zwitterion-like region (i.e. (EK)₄) increased overall α-helical content which is an expected phenomenon as oligoglutamyllysine is known to possess this secondary structure.

Results

VIPAM anti-inflammatory effects: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a monocyte-derived cytokine that plays a significant role in the inflammatory response. TNF-αis produced by MØs and DCs that are activated during infection, commonly due to the cell-based identification of pathogen associated molecule patterns, most notably lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Excessive TNF-α production has been shown to cause tissue injury, fever, atherosclerosis, and even death. Unlike activated MØs which accumulate at the site of inflammation, activated DCs tend to migrate to nearby lymph nodes where they activate naive T helper cells. Activated effector T cells will migrate back to the inflammation site where they will recruit natural killer cells and additional MØs which further exacerbate the inflammatory response. The B7 ligand CD86 present on activated DCs plays an important role in this cascade acting as a co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation. A lack of co-stimulatory signaling often leads to T cell anergy. Conversely, the presence of CD86 on DCs without corresponding MHC II antigen presentation plays a role in T_(reg) induction.

While the capacity to trigger a pro-inflammatory adaptive response is crucial for the host to clear unwanted pathogens, it is also responsible for transplant rejection and autoimmune-mediated tissue damage. One strategy to retard this inflammation loop is to limit TNF-α secretion from activated APCs and CD86 surface presentation on activated DCs. The anti-inflammatory effect of VIPAMs were explored by incubating MOs and DCs with LPS and different VIP materials at low (i.e. 1 μM) or high (20 μM) concentrations (FIG. 41A, FIG. 41B, and FIG. 41C). It was discovered that while VIP alone can modestly reduce TNF-α secretion and CD86 expression, this effect can be modulated through micellar delivery where chemical structure and micellar shape play a crucial role in bioactivity. pVIPA was unable to enhance the TNF-α suppressive effects of VIP in activated MØs (FIG. 41A) and completely nullified VIP effects on activated DC TNF-α secretion (FIG. 41B). The only statistically significant anti-inflammatory effect for pVIPA over VIP was found in DC CD86 expression at the high concentration where it was actually enhanced (FIG. 41C). In contrast, pzVIPA nearly completely abrogated TNF-α secretion in activated MØs (FIG. 41A), maintained VIP-based TNF-α secretion in activated DCs (FIG. 41B), and significantly limited CD86 surface expression on activated DCs (FIG. 41C). Interestingly, these enhancement effects were only observed at the high concentration and not at the low concentration. With a CMC of 9.3 μM (FIG. 39B), pzVIPA would likely exist as single biomolecules at the low dose (1 μM) and within braided micelles at the high dose (20 μM). In contrast, pVIPA would be confined in cylindrical micelles at both concentrations due to its very low CMC (0.08 μM, FIG. 39A). To provide further evidence that the observed bioactivity potentiation is a function of certain micelle structures and not the presence of lipid, inflammatory signals (i.e. TNF-α or CD86) were measured with Palm alone (FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, FIG. 42C, FIG. 42D, FIG. 42E, and FIG. 42F) for which no TNF-α nor CD86 regulation were measured. Taken together, these results indicate that braided VIPAMs possess considerable intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties.

VIPAM T_(reg) recruitment and induction potential: T_(reg)s are a unique type of suppressor T cell that facilitates peripheral immunological tolerance. Increasing the presence and development of T_(reg)s at the effector site of autoimmunity or inflammation has been suggested as a potential treatment for immune-related disorders or transplant rejection. T_(reg) recruitment to the desirable tissue site can be guided by the presence of a gradient of the chemokine CCL22 (MDC). Previous research suggests that certain concentrations of and incubation times with VIP can induce DCs to produce CCL22 making it a desirable upstream bioactive molecule for T_(reg) recruitment. Thus, CCL22 production from DCs treated with different VIP formulations was evaluated.

Previous results indicate that VIP peptide alone induces significant CCL22 production after 48 hours of incubation. While promising, prior research has shown that the more immediate presence of T_(reg)s is necessary to prevent or treat autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. Our results revealed that while VIP peptide was unable to induce DC CCL22 production at 24 hours, some VIPA formulations were able to provoke appreciable CCL22 increases at this early time point (FIG. 43A, FIG. 43B, and FIG. 43C). Specifically, the data indicate that high concentration pVIPA and pzVIPA induced greater CCL22 production from immature DCs than those given no stimulus (FIG. 43A). Interestingly, only high concentration pVIPA enhanced CCL22 production from mature DCs when compared to the LPS-stimulated mature DC control (FIG. 43B). Similar to the anti-inflammatory studies, lipid presence was found to not be the driving force behind CCL22 induction (FIG. 44A and FIG. 44B). These differences indicate that pVIPA possesses considerably more intrinsic T_(reg) recruitment potential than VIP or pzVIPA. As VIP-mediated CCL22 induction has a very restricted therapeutic window with regards to both dose and incubation time, future studies are needed to complement this initial result.

Followed by T_(reg) recruitment, the maintenance and expansion of those migrated T_(reg)s are essential for maintaining long term homeostasis. CD86 ligand presented by DCs is an important molecule that has been shown to induce T_(reg) survival and expansion in peripheral tissue, especially in the absence of corresponding MHC II-presented antigen. Therefore, the enhanced expression of CD86 is a potential key factor that affects downstream immunoregulatory functions of CCL22-recruited T_(reg)s. It was discovered that high concentration pVIPA induced the highest CD86 expression of VIP treated groups or lipid control groups for both mature DCs (FIG. 32C) and immature DCs (FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, FIG. 42C, FIG. 42D, FIG. 42E, FIG. 42F, and FIG. 43C). The CCL22 and CD86 data suggest that cylindrical VIPAMs possess potential immunoregulatory properties.

VIPAM Structure Bioactivity Relationships: Interestingly, VIP is known to modulate TNF-α, CD86, and CCL22 expression through the same receptor (i.e. VPAC1), indicating that formulation chemistry and structure is very directly impacting peptide bioactivity. In specific, VIP/VPAC interactions are known to be dependent on a number of factors including VIP concentration, amino acid availability, and conformation. One of the major differences with peptide amphiphiles compared to peptides is their capacity to enhance peptide-cell interactions due to their lipid content. Therefore, both pVIPA and pzVIPA are expected to yield greater VIP concentrations at the cell surface. Additionally, the N-terminal amino acid of VIP (i.e. histidine) is known to play an important role in VIP/VPAC binding affinity. With the N-terminal histidine on pVIPA being directly lipidated, it is likely to be closer to the membrane and more rigid than pzVIPA which possesses a somewhat flexible linker (i.e. (KE)₄) between the lipid and VIP. Previous studies have demonstrated VIP α-helicity enhances peptide association with VPAC. Interestingly, CD analysis revealed that pzVIPA had more abundant α-helical conformation than both VIP and pVIPA (FIG. 41A and FIG. 41B). These factors may impact interactions between pzVIPA and VPAC leading to the enhanced TNF-α and CD86 suppression activity observed (FIG. 42A, FIG. 42B, and FIG. 42C).

Although both pVIPA and pzVIPA enhanced CCL22 induction from immature DCs (FIG. 43A), the magnitude of this response was significantly different. DC CCL22 induction is related to different factors including VIP/VPAC engagement and DC activation state. pzVIPA is likely engaging VPAC, but without activating the DCs as no increase in CD86 cell surface expression was detected (FIG. 43C). In contrast, high concentration pVIPA significantly increased CD86 expression in immature DCs (FIG. 43C) without altering other stimulatory markers like CD40 expression and TNF-α production (data not shown) providing evidence of a semi-mature DC state similar to previous work exploring VIP. This VIP-stimulated DC phenotype was found to directly correspond to more elevated levels of CCL22 production. An across the board increase in CCL22 production for mature DCs (FIG. 43B) is unsurprising since the production of this chemokine has been shown to be enhanced by LPS stimulation. The further increased CCL22 production by the exposure of mature DCs to high concentration pVIPA may be directly tied to the TNF-α results observed. In specific, prior research has shown that the presence of TNF- α can potentiate the cytokine-inducing capacity of VIP. For LPS-stimulated DCs, pVIPA does not downregulate TNF-α production (FIG. 42B) though moderates CD86 expression (FIG. 42C) similar to longer VIP exposure has been previously shown to do. Together these effects provide a strong foundational explanation for why these interesting CCL22 results were detected.

Conclusion

The results shown provide significant evidence that VIP amphiphile chemistry has a profound impact on micelle shape and bioactivity. Though pVIPA and pzVIPA both readily form micelles within the established VIP therapeutic window, each facilitates the formation of a different micellar shape (i.e. cylinders or braids). Interestingly, the two VIPAs induced quite different immunomodulatory effects with pzVIPAM braids suppressing the pro-inflammatory behavior of mature MØs and DCs and pVIPAM cylinders stimulating significant CCL22 production from both immature and mature DCs. These data indicate a significant relationship exists between micelle shape and bioactivity.

Example 3 Prophetic Example—Peptide Amphiphile Micelles as Modular Vaccines and Therapeutics Background and Significance

Influenza is a common and highly communicable respiratory disease whose impact varies from year to year but is always incredibly significant as evidenced by data generated by the United States Center for Disease Control. For October 2011-April 2012, the influenza virus was estimated to be responsible for 9.2 million seasonal illnesses, 4.3 million medical visits, and 139,000 hospitalizations, numbers that are on the low end for seasonal disease. By comparison, the following season (i.e. October 2012-April 2013) was one of the worst ones recently with approximately 35.6 million seasonal illnesses, 16.6 million hospital visits, and 593,000 hospitalizations. This infectious disease is not only responsible for significant losses in productivity, but can also be quite lethal as evidenced by the approximately 291,000-646,000 worldwide deaths influenza is responsible for each year. The highly mutable nature of the influenza virus can also yield a pathogenic pandemic strain that can emerge at any time similar to the one that was responsible for more than 500 million illnesses and 50-100 million deaths worldwide from 1918 to 1920.

In response to the pandemic a century ago, researchers worked tirelessly to create a vaccine against influenza. Through improvements in viral culturing methods in the 1940s employing chicken egg embryos, inactivated influenza vaccines were able to be mass produced and used to vaccinate the armed forces followed by immunizing the general public.4 Considerable efforts to improve the influenza vaccine have been made, the most significant of which focused on the development of an intranasally-delivered, live attenuated vaccine. In specific, presenting a weakened version of the virus directly to the primary site of infection (i.e. respiratory track) is hoped to be able to induce more durable and completely protective host immunity.⁵ Extensive research on this product led to the FDA clearance of the first live attenuated vaccine formulation trademarked FluMist in 2003 which received considerable widespread use in the proceeding decade. While at first promising, uneven protectiveness against different strains of influenza have led to the CDC not recommending its use for the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons though it has been endorsed again for the 2018-2019 season.

Regardless of whether an inactivated or live attenuated vaccine is used, both have been found to significantly blunt the overall population-wide impact of influenza pathogenesis. Though promising, these strategies are still quite sub-optimal as they convey only modest, short-term seasonal effectiveness of 10%-60% depending on the year. The limits of these traditional vaccines is their make-up and production methods. Formulations mostly consist of a small number of viruses (i.e. 3 for trivalent and 4 for quadrivalent). As influenza vaccines are still cultured in chicken eggs where mass production takes 5-6 months, predictions regarding the specific viruses to be included are made before the season begins using global disease surveillance programs. Due to this considerable lead time and strain differences, the variability in vaccine effectiveness is unsurprising. The limitations of this approach will be even further magnified during an influenza pandemic where a highly transmittable and fatal strain will have the potential to overcome the vaccine and cause extensive widespread disease and death. The 1957-1959 and 1968-1970 outbreaks which, despite the availability of some vaccines and relatively low lethality rates, still caused a combined 1.75-2.5 million deaths worldwide. More recently, the 2009 pandemic was of great public health concern since the dominant influenza virus was a modified H1N1 subtype for which the seasonal vaccine held no protective capacity. This strain was thankfully found to be much less lethal than prior pandemic outbreaks and even most seasonal strains for which a protective vaccine was able to be produced by the end of the calendar year. While fortunate, genetic recombination of H1N1 subtype influenza within an animal vector (e.g. avian or swine) could lead to a mutated influenza strain with a high transmission rate and significant lethality in the near future.

With these concerns in mind, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease has published a new plan committed to the development of a universal influenza vaccine to better control seasonal influenza and prevent a pandemic influenza outbreak. The criteria of such a vaccine would include the capacity to be highly effective against symptomatic infections, protect against both groups of influenza A, and last at least a year. While many objectives to achieve this high-minded goal were put forth, two of particular importance were the design of new cross-protective immunogens and the creation of novel adjuvants capable of facilitating durable immune responses. Recent advancements in rational influenza vaccine design have identified a variety of highly specific B cell, CD4 T cell, and CD8 T cell peptide epitopes which are conserved across many influenza sub-types. While promising, peptide antigens tend to be very weak immunogens requiring large dosages and significant adjuvant supplementation to be effective.

Biomaterials-based carriers have emerged as promising systems capable of improving peptide vaccine immunogenicity. While many systems have shown utility for this application, peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are unique biomaterials comprised of covalently coupled hydrophilic peptides and lipid-like hydrophobic tails which self-assemble into micellar nanoparticles in water.

These peptide amphiphile micelles (PAMs) have been shown capable of increasing localized concentration, enhancing intracellular delivery, controlling peptide secondary structure, and facilitating cell-specific targeting which have been shown to synergistically lead to self-adjuvanting immune responses to B cell and CD8 T cell epitopes. To enhance immunogenicity, peptide antigens are often delivered with adjuvants. For over 70 years aluminum salts were the only adjuvants FDA cleared for human use until monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and Squalene/α-Tocopherol/polysorbate80 (AS03) were cleared as adjuvants for the human papillomavirus vaccine in 2009 and the H5N1 influenza virus vaccine in 2012, respectively. AS03 is an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant that has been profoundly effective in inducing highly immunogenic, long-lasting immune responses to influenza, but is believed to be responsible for increased incidents of narcolepsy among children receiving the adjuvant. MPLA is the non-toxic portion of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which has been found to be a Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) agonist.

Also, MPLA is hydrophobic allowing for it to be readily entrapped within the peptide amphiphile micelle (PAM) core. Other TLR agonists such dipalmitoylglycerylcysteinylserinyltetralysine (P₂CSK₄) for TLR-2, polyriboinosinic:polyriboctidylic acid (poly(I:C)) for TLR-3, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) for TLR-9 are attractive molecular adjuvant candidates as well. Hydrophobic P₂C can be entrapped within the PAM core similarly to MPLA whereas negatively-charged poly(I:C) and CpG ODN can be complexed to short positively-charged oligolysine repeats (i.e. K₈). Prior research has demonstrated that the hydrophobic association of MPLA and P₂CSK₄ within PAMs facilitated enhanced antibody titers against a micelle-incorporated B cell peptide antigen against Group A Streptococcus.

While post-infection antiviral treatments like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) have shown some moderate effects, they are used sparingly in only high-risk patients and individuals within 48 hours of symptom onset to prevent the development of pathogenic resistance. The most effective method found to manage influenza is through vaccine prophylaxis.

Approach

Specific Aim 1) Heterogeneous B Cell/Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Amphiphile Micelle Vaccines for Influenza Inhibition and/or Neutralization

-   1A) Design B cell targeting micelles that also enhance     micelle-associated P2C adjuvanticity.

B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21-Specific P1 - RMWPSSTVNLSAGRR B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21-Specific B1 - YILIHRN Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21- Specific P2 - PNLDFSPTCSFRFGC Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - CD21- Specific B2 - PTLDPLP Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - A20-1 BCR - SAKTAVSQRVWLPSHRGGEP Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide - A2036 BCR - EYVNCDNLVGNCVI Alternative B Cell Targeting Aptamer - CD19 Aptamer B Cell Epitope Peptide - M2₍₁₎₂₋₂₄ - (M)SLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSD B Cell Epitope Peptide - HA2₁₋₁₄₍₍₍₁₆₎₂₀₎₂₃₎ - GLFGAIAGFIENGW(((EG)MIDG)WYG) B Cell Epitope Peptide - NA₂₂₂₋₂₃₀ - ILRTQSEC Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₁₄₇₋₁₅₅ - TYQRTRALV Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₂₄₃₋₂₅₁ - RESRNPGNA Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide - HA₂₆₈₋₈₄ - KEFSEVEGRIQDLEKYV Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - HBsAg₁₉₋₃₃ - FFLLTRILTIPQSLD Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - TpD - ILMQYIKANSKFIGIPMGLPQSIALSSLMVAQ Alternative Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - PADRE - A(a)KF(X)VAAWTLKAAA(a) Alternative Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide - Pol₇₁₁ - EKVYLAWVPAHKGIG

-   1B) Investigate the immunogenicity of B cell targeting, P2C     associated, heterogeneous antigen micelles. -   1C) Determine the influenza inhibition and neutralization capacity     of vaccine-induced antibodies. -   1D) Evaluate the short-term and long-term protective ability of     composite linked recognition antigen micelles.

Specific Aim 2) Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Amphiphile Micelle Vaccines for Clearing Influenza Infected Host Cells

-   2A) Produce DC targeting micelles that also enhance     micelle-associated CpG adjuvanticity.

DC Targeting Peptide - NW - NWYLPWLGTNDW DC Targeting Peptide - h11c - ATPEDNGRSFS Alternative DC Targeting Peptide - WH - WPRFHSSVFHTH Alternative DC Targeting Peptide - TP - TPAFRYS⁸ Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - PB1₅₉₀₋₅₉₉ - LVSDGGPNLY Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₃₉₋₄₇ - FYIQMCTEL Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - NP₃₆₆₋₃₇₄ - ASNENMETM Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide - PA₂₂₄₋₂₃₃ - SSLENFRAYV Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide - M1₅₈₋₆₆ - GILGFVFTL Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide - PA₄₆₋₅₄ - FMYSDFHFI Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide - NS1₁₂₂₋₁₃₀ - AIMDKNIIL

-   2B) Explore the immunogenicity of DC Targeting, CpG associated,     heterogeneous antigen micelles. -   2C) Observe the influenza infected host cell killing capacity of     vaccine-induced cytotoxic T cells. -   2D) Assess the short-term and long-term protective ability of     composite cytotoxic T cell antigen micelles.

Specific Aim 3) Anti-Viral Peptide Amphiphile Micelles for Influenza Post-Exposure Treatment

-   3A) Generate epithelial cell targeting micelles that also enhance     micelle-associated anti-viral bioactivity.

Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide E - SERSMNF Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide Y - YGLPHKF Alternative Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide G - PSGAARA Alternative Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide - Peptide EPI - THALWHT Anti-Viral Peptide - FluPep4 - RRKKWLVFFVIFYFFR Anti-Viral Peptide - LF C-Lobe₅₅₃₋₅₆₃ - NGESSADWAKN Anti-Viral Peptide - PB1₁₋₂₅ - MDVNPTLLFLKVPAQNAISTTFPYT Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - FluPep3 - WLVFFVIFYFFRRRKK Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - LF C-Lobe₄₁₈₋₄₂₉ - SKHSSLDCVLRP Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - Derived EB Peptide - RRKKLAVLLALLA Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide - Peptide 6 - CATCEQIADSQHRSHRQMV

-   3B) Ascertain the infected host cell intracellular influenza     disruption activity of anti-viral loaded micelles. -   3C) Measure immediate post-exposure treatment ability of composite     anti-viral micelles.

Specific Aim 4) Immunomodulatory Amphiphile Micelles for Influenza-Associated Sequelae Symptom Management

-   4A) Create macrophage targeting micelles that also enhance     micelle-associated anti-inflammatory bioactivity.

Macrophage Targeting Peptide - MCP-1 - YNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSK Macrophage Targeting Peptide - LL-37 - LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES Alternative Macrophage Targeting Peptide - CD206 - CSPGAKVRC Alternative Macrophage Targeting Peptide - fMLP - fMLP Immunomodulatory Peptide - VIP - HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN Immunomodulatory Peptide - AF10847 (IL-1R_(ANT)) - ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL Immunomodulatory Peptide - IDR-1018 - VRLIVAVRIWRR Alternative Immunomodulatory Peptide - KAF - KAFAKLAARLYRKALARQLGVAA Alternative Immunomodulatory Peptide - WP9QY - YCWSQYLCY

-   4B) Uncover the influenza-associated activated macrophage modulation     activity of anti-inflammatory micelles. -   4C) Quantify the delayed post-exposure treatment ability of     composite vasoactive intestinal peptide micelles.

REFERENCES

-   (1) Berndt, P.; Fields, G. B.; Tirrell, M. Synthetic lipidation of     peptides and amino acids: monolayer structure and properties. J. Am.     Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (37), 9515-9522. -   (2) Black, M.; Trent, A.; Kostenko, Y.; Lee, J. S.; Olive, C.;     Tirrell, M. Self-Assembled

Peptide Amphiphile Micelles Containing a Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitope Promote a Protective Immune Response In Vivo. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24 (28), 3845-3849.

-   (3) Cheetham, A. G.; Zhang, P.; Lin, Y.-a.; Lock, L. L.; Cui, H.     Supramolecular nanostructures formed by anticancer drug assembly. J.     Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135 (8), 2907-2910. -   (4) Trent, A.; Ulery, B. D.; Black, M. J.; Barrett, J. C.; Liang,     S.; Kostenko, Y.; David, N. A.; Tirrell, M. V. Peptide amphiphile     micelles self-adjuvant group A streptococcal vaccination. AAPS J     2015,17 (2), 380-388. -   (5) Barrett, J. C.; Ulery, B. D.; Trent, A.; Liang, S.; David, N.     A.; Tirrell, M. Modular peptide amphiphile micelles improve an     antibody-mediated immune response to Group A Streptococcus. ACS     Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 3 (2), 144-152. -   (6) Zhang, R.; Ulery, B. D. Synthetic Vaccine Characterization and     Design. J. Bionanosci. 2018, 12 (1), 1-11. -   (7) Hartgerink, J. D.; Beniash, E.; Stupp, S. I. Self-assembly and     mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science 2001, 294     (5547), 1684-1688. -   (8) Trent, A.; Marullo, R.; Lin, B.; Black, M.; Tirrell, M.     Structural properties of soluble peptide amphiphile micelles. Soft     Matter 2011, 7 (20), 9572-9582. -   (9) Chung, E. J.; Mlinar, L. B.; Nord, K.; Sugimoto, M. J.; Wonder,     E.; Alenghat, F. J.; Fang, Y.; Tirrell, M. Monocyte-Targeting     Supramolecular Micellar Assemblies: A Molecular Diagnostic Tool for     Atherosclerosis. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2015, 4 (3), 367-376. -   (10) Nagaraj an, R. Molecular packing parameter and surfactant     self-assembly: the neglected role of the surfactant tail. Langmuir     2002, 18 (1), 31-38. -   (11) Herb, C. A.; Chen, L. B.; Sun, W. M. Correlation of     Viscoelastic Properties with Critical Packing Parameter for Mixed     Surfactant Solutions in the L₁ Region. In Structure and Flow in     Surfactant Solutions; ACS Syposium Series; American Chemical     Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. Vol. 578, Chapter 19, pp 153-156;     DOI: 10.1021/bk-1994-0578.ch010. -   (12) Truong, N. P.; Quinn, J. F.; Anastasaki, A.; Haddleton, D. M.;     Whittaker, M. R.; Davis,

T. P. Facile access to thermoresponsive filomicelles with tuneable cores. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52 (24), 4497-4500.

-   (13) Shimada, T.; Lee, S.; Bates, F. S.; Hotta, A.; Tirrell, M.     Wormlike Micelle Formation in Peptide-Lipid Conjugates Driven by     Secondary Structure Transformation of the Headgroups†. J. Phys.     Chem. B 2009, 113 (42), 13711-13714. -   (14) Paramonov, S. E.; Jun, H.-W.; Hartgerink, J. D. Self-assembly     of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers: the roles of hydrogen bonding and     amphiphilic packing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128 (22), 7291-7298. -   (15) Cui, H.; Webber, M. J.; Stupp, S. I. Self-assembly of peptide     amphiphiles: From molecules to nanostructures to biomaterials.     Biopolymers 2010, 94 (1), 1-18. -   (16) Sahoo, J. K.; Nazareth, C.; VandenBerg, M. A.; Webber, M. J.     Self-assembly of amphiphilic tripeptides with sequence-dependent     nanostructure. Biomater. Sci. 2017, 5,1526. -   (17) Missirlis, D.; Chworos, A.; Fu, C. J.; Khant, H. A.;     Krogstad, D. V.; Tirrell, M. Effect of the peptide secondary     structure on the peptide amphiphile supramolecular structure and     interactions. Langmuir 2011, 27 (10), 6163-6170. -   (18) Tsai, W.-W.; Li, L.-s.; Cui, H.; Jiang, H.; Stupp, S. I.     Self-assembly of amphiphiles with terthiophene and tripeptide     segments into helical nanostructures. Tetrahedron 2008, 64 (36),     8504-8514. -   (19) Zhang, P.; Chiu, Y.-C.; Tostanoski, L. H.; Jewell, C. M.     Polyelectrolyte multilayers assembled entirely from immune signals     on gold nanoparticle templates promote antigen-specific T cell     response. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (6), 6465-6477. -   (20) Correa, S.; Dreaden, E. C.; Gu, L.; Hammond, P. T. Engineering     nanolayered particles for modular drug delivery. J. Controlled     Release 2016, 240, 364. -   (21) Kalsin, A. M.; Fialkowski, M.; Paszewski, M.; Smoukov, S. K.;     Bishop, K. J.; Grzybowski, B. A. Electrostatic self-assembly of     binary nanoparticle crystals with a diamond-like lattice. Science     2006, 312 (5772), 420-424. -   (22) Whitesides, G. M.; Mathias, J. P.; Seto, C. T. Molecular     self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the     synthesis of nanostructures. Science 1991, 254, 1312-1319. -   (23) Levicky, R.; Herne, T. M.; Tarlov, M. J.; Satija, S. K. Using     self-assembly to control the structure of DNA monolayers on gold: a     neutron reflectivity study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120 (38),     9787-9792. -   (24) Berger, R.; Delamarche, E.; Lang, H. P.; Gerber, C.;     Gimzewski, J. K.; Meyer, E.; Giintherodt, H.-J. Surface stress in     the self-assembly of alkanethiols on gold. Science 1997, 276 (5321),     2021-2024. -   (25) Faul, C. F.; Antonietti, M. Ionic self-assembly: Facile     synthesis of supramolecular materials. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15 (9),     673-683. -   (26) Vauthey, S.; Santoso, S.; Gong, H.; Watson, N.; Zhang, S.     Molecular self-assembly of surfactant-like peptides to form     nanotubes and nanovesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99     (8), 5355-5360. -   (27) Tsonchev, S.; Schatz, G. C.; Ratner, M. A.     Electrostatically-directed self-assembly of cylindrical peptide     amphiphile nanostruc-tures. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108 (26),     8817-8822. -   (28) Tsonchev, S.; Troisi, A.; Schatz, G. C.; Ratner, M. A. All-atom     numerical studies of self-assembly of zwitterionic peptide     amphiphiles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108 (39), 15278-15284. -   (29) O′Leary, L. E.; Fallas, J. A.; Bakota, E. L.; Kang, M. K.;     Hartgerink, J. D. Multi-hierarchical self-assembly of a collagen     mimetic peptide from triple helix to nanofibre and hydrogel. Nat.     Chem. 2011, 3 (10), 821-828. -   (30) Tayi, A. S.; Kaeser, A.; Matsumoto, M.; Aida, T.; Stupp, S. I.     Supramolecular ferroelectrics. Nat. Chem. 2015, 7 (4), 281-294. -   (31) Hudalla, G. A.; Modica, J. A.; Tian, Y. F.; Rudra, J. S.;     Chong, A. S.; Sun, T.; Mrksich, M.; Collier, J. H. A     Self-Adjuvanting Supramolecular Vaccine Carrying a Folded Protein     Antigen. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2013, 2 (8), 1114-1119. -   (32) Hudalla, G. A.; Sun, T.; Gasiorowski, J. Z.; Han, H.; Tian, Y.     F.; Chong, A. S.; Collier, J. H. Gradated assembly of multiple     proteins into supramolecular nanomaterials. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13     (8), 829. -   (33) Andrews, C. D.; Provoda, C. J.; Ott, G.; Lee, K.-D. Conjugation     of lipid and CpG-containing oligonucleotide yields an efficient     method for liposome incorporation. Bioconjugate Chem. 2011, 22 (7),     1279-1286. -   (34) Jalan, A. A.; Jochim, K. A.; Hartgerink, J. D. Rational design     of a non-canonical “sticky-ended” collagen triple helix. J. Am.     Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (21), 7535-7538. -   (35) Tanrikulu, I. C.; Forticaux, A.; Jin, S.; Raines, R. T. Peptide     tessellation yields micrometre-scale collagen triple helices. Nat.     Chem. 2016, 8 (11), 1008. -   (36) Wiradharma, N.; Tong, Y. W.; Yang, Y. Y. Design and evaluation     of peptide amphiphiles with different hydrophobic blocks for     simultaneous delivery of drugs and genes. Macromol. Rapid Commun.     2010, 31(13), 1212-1217. -   (37) Thota, N.; Jiang, J. Self-assembly of amphiphilic peptide (AF)     6H5K15 derivatives: roles of hydrophilic and hydrophobic     residues. J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118 (10), 2683-2692. -   (38) Palmer, L. C.; Stupp, S. I. Molecular self-assembly into     one-dimensional nanostructures. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41 (12),     1674-1684. -   (39) Gunkel-Grabole, G.; Sigg, S.; Lomora, M.; Lorcher, S.; Palivan,     C.; Meier, W. Polymeric 3D nano-architectures for transport and     delivery of therapeutically relevant biomacromolecules. Biomater.     Sci. 2015, 3 (1), 25-40. -   (40) Bulut, S.; Erkal, T. S.; Toksoz, S.; Tekinay, A. B.; Tekinay,     T.; Guler, M. O. Slow release and delivery of antisense     oligonucleotide drug by self-assembled peptide amphiphile     nanofibers. Biomacromole-cules 2011, 12 (8), 3007-3014. -   (41) Nasrolahi Shirazi, A.; Oh, D.; Tiwari, R. K.; Sullivan, B.;     Gupta, A.; Bothun, G. D.; Parang, K. Peptide amphiphile containing     arginine and fatty acyl chains as molecular transporters. Mol.     Pharmaceutics 2013, 10 (12), 4717-4727. -   (42) Liu, L.; Xu, K.; Wang, H.; Tan, P. J.; Fan, W.; Venkatraman, S.     S.; Li, L.; Yang, Y.-Y. Self-assembled cationic peptide     nanoparticles as an efficient antimicrobial agent. Nat. Nanotechnol.     2009, 4 (7), 457. -   (43) Jimenez, Z. A.; Yoshida, R. Temperature driven self-assembly of     a zwitterionic block copolymer that exhibits triple     thermoresponsivity and pH sensitivity. Macromolecules 2015, 48 (13),     4599-4606. -   (44) Shao, Q.; Jiang, S. Molecular understanding and design of     zwitterionic materials. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27 (1), 15-26. -   (45) Wyman, I. W.; Liu, G. Micellar structures of linear triblock     terpolymers: Three blocks but many possibilities. Polymer 2013, 54     (8), 1950-1978. -   (46) Gallon, E.; Matini, T.; Sasso, L.; Mantovani, G.; Armilian de     Benito, A.; Sanchis, J.; Caliceti, P.; Alexander, C.; Vicent, M. J.;     Salmaso, S. Triblock copolymer nanovesicles for pH-responsive     targeted delivery and controlled release of siRNA to cancer cells.     Biomacromolecules 2015, 16 (7), 1924-1937. -   (47) Zhao, D.; Huo, Q.; Feng, J.; Chmelka, B. F.; Stucky, G. D.     Nonionic triblock and star diblock copolymer and oligomeric     surfactant syntheses of highly ordered, hydrothermally stable,     mesoporous silica structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120 (24),     6024-6036. -   (48) Mata, J.; Majhi, P.; Guo, C.; Liu, H.; Bahadur, P.     Concentration, temperature, and salt-induced micellization of a     triblock copolymer Pluronic L64 in aqueous media. J. Colloid     Interface Sci. 2005, 292 (2), 548-556. -   (49) Sun, T.; Han, H.; Hudalla, G. A.; Wen, Y.; Pompano, R. R.;     Collier, J. H. Thermal stability of self-assembled peptide vaccine     materials. Acta Biomater. 2016, 30, 62-71. -   (50) Rudra, J. S.; Tian, Y. F.; Jung, J. P.; Collier, J. H. A     self-assembling peptide acting as an immune adjuvant. Proc. Natl.     Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (2), 622-627. -   (51) Trimaille, T.; Verrier, B. Micelle-based adjuvants for subunit     vaccine delivery. Vaccines 2015, 3 (4), 803-813. -   (52) Kremer, J. R.; Mastronarde, D. N.; McIntosh, J. R. Computer     visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD. J. Struct.     Biol. 1996, 116 (1), 71-76. -   (53) Nowinski, A. K.; White, A. D.; Keefe, A. J.; Jiang, S.     Biologically inspired stealth peptide-capped gold nanoparticles.     Langmuir 2014, 30 (7), 1864-1870. -   (54) Mahmoud, Z. N.; Grundy, D. J.; Channon, K. J.; Woolfson, D. N.     The non-covalent decoration of self-assembling protein fibers.     Biomaterials 2010, 31 (29), 7468-7474. -   (55) Takeuchi, H.; Hanamura, N.; Hayasaka, H.; Harada, I. B-Z     transition of poly(dG-m⁵ dC) induced by binding of Lys-containing     peptides. FEBS Lett. 1991, 279 (2), 253-255. -   (56) Kim, Y. G.; Park, H. J.; Kim, K. K.; Lowenhaupt, K.; Rich, A. A     peptide with alternating lysines can act as a highly specific Z-DNA     binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34 (17), 4937-4942. -   (57) Stein, P. E.; Leslie, A. G. W.; Finch, J. T.; Carrell, R. W.     Crystal structure of uncleaved ovalbumin at 1.95 A resolution. J.     Mol. Biol. 1991, 221 (3), 941-959. -   (58) Qiao, Y.; Lin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Liu, J.; Zhou, J.; Yan,     Y.; Huang, J. Metal-driven hierarchical self-assembled     one-dimensional nanohelices. Nano Lett. 2009, 9 (12), 4500-4504. -   (59) Parker, A.; Fieber, W. Viscoelasticity of anionic wormlike     micelles: effects of ionic strength and small hydrophobic molecules.     Soft Matter 2013, 9 (4), 1203-1213. -   (60) Borisova, O.; Billon, L.; Zaremski, M.; Grassi, B.; Bakaeva,     Z.; Lapp, A.; Stepanek, P.; Borisov, O. pH-triggered reversible     sol-gel transition in aqueous solutions of amphiphilic gradient     copolymers. Soft Matter 2011, 7 (22), 10824-10833. -   (61) Priftis, D.; Leon, L.; Song, Z.; Perry, S. L.; Margossian, K.     O.; Tropnikova, A.; Cheng, J.; Tirrell, M. Self-Assembly of     a-Helical Polypeptides Driven by Complex Coacervation. Angew. Chem.     2015, 127 (38), 11280-11284. -   (62) Perry, S. L.; Sing, C. E. Prism-based theory of complex     coacervation: Excluded volume versus chain correlation.     Macromolecules 2015, 48 (14), 5040-5053. -   (63) Missirlis, D.; Teesalu, T.; Black, M.; Tin⁻ell, M. The     non-peptidic part determines the internalization mechanism and     intracellular trafficking of peptide amphiphiles. PLoS One 2013, 8     (1), e54611. -   (64) Liu, S.; Jiang, S. Zwitterionic polymer-protein conjugates     reduce polymer-specific antibody response. Nano Today 2016, 11, 285. -   (65) Zhang, P.; Sun, F.; Liu, S.; Jiang, S. Anti-PEG antibodies in     the clinic: Current issues and beyond PEG_(Y)lation. J. Controlled     Release 2016, 244, 184. -   (66) Zhang, P.; Jain, P.; Tsao, C.; Sinclair, A.; Sun, F.; Hung,     H.-C.; Bai, T.; Wu, K.; Jiang, S. Butyrylcholinesterase nanocapsule     as a long circulating bioscavenger with reduced immune response. J.     Controlled Release 2016, 230, 73-78. -   (67) Zhang, P.; Sun, F.; Tsao, C.; Liu, S.; Jain, P.; Sinclair, A.;     Hung, H.-C.; Bai, T.; Wu, K.; Jiang, S. Zwitterionic gel     encapsulation promotes protein stability, enhances pharmacokinetics,     and reduces immunogenicity. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 2015, 112     (39), 12046-12051. -   (68) Y.-V. Tan, C. Abad, Y. Wang, R. Lopez and J. A. Waschek, Brain,     behavior, and immunity, 2015, 44, 167-175. -   (69) M. Delgado, E. J. Munoz-Elias, R. P. Gomariz and D. Ganea, The     Journal of Immunology, 1999, 162, 1707-1716. -   (70) M. Delgado and D. Ganea, Amino acids, 2013, 45, 25-39. -   (71) M. Delgado, C. Abad, C. Martinez, J. Leceta and R. P. Gomariz,     Nature medicine, 2001, 7, 563-568. -   (72) M. Delgado and D. Ganea, Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2008,     22, 1146-1151. -   (73) A. Fernandez-Martin, E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Chorny, J. Martin, D.     Pozo, D. Ganea and M. Delgado, Annals of the New York Academy of     Sciences, 2006, 1070, 276-281. -   (74) M. G. Toscano, M. Delgado, W. Kong, F. Martin, M. Skarica     and D. Ganea, Molecular Therapy, 2010, 18, 1035-1045. -   (75) R. Jimeno, R. P. Gomariz, I. Gutierrez-Cailas, C. Martinez, Y.     Juarranz and J. Leceta, Immunology and cell biology, 2010, 88,     734-745. -   (76) R. Yu, H. Zhang, L. Huang, X. Liu and J. Chen, Peptides, 2011,     32, 216-222. -   (77) H. Cui, M. J. Webber and S. I. Stupp, Peptide Science, 2010,     94, 1-18. -   (78) J. D. Hartgerink, E. Beniash and S. I. Stupp, Science, 2001,     294, 1684-1688. -   (79) M. P. Hendricks, K. Sato, L. C. Palmer and S. I. Stupp,     Accounts of chemical research, 2017, 50, 2440-2448. -   (80) A. Mata, Y. Geng, K. J. Henrikson, C. Aparicio, S. R.     Stock, R. L. Satcher and S. I. Stupp, Biomaterials, 2010, 31,     6004-6012. -   (81) W.-W. Tsai, L.-s. Li, H. Cui, H. Jiang and S. I. Stupp,     Tetrahedron, 2008, 64, 8504-8514. -   (82) M. J. Webber, J. B. Matson, V. K. Tamboli and S. I. Stupp,     Biomaterials, 2012, 33, 6823-6832. -   (83) R. H. Zha, S. Sur and S. I. Stupp, Advanced healthcare     materials, 2013, 2, 126-133. -   (84) D. Peters, M. Kastantin, V. R. Kotamraju, P. P. Karmali, K.     Gujraty, M. Tirrell and E. Ruoslahti, Proceedings of the National     Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106, 9815-9819. -   (85) E. J. Chung, L. B. Mlinar, M. J. Sugimoto, K. Nord, B. B. Roman     and M. Tirrell, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine,     2015, 11, 479-487. -   (86) J. C. Barrett, B. D. Ulery, A. Trent, S. Liang, N. A. David     and M. Tirrell, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2016, 3,     144-152. -   (87) D. Missirlis, T. Teesalu, M. Black and M. Tirrell, PloS one,     2013, 8, e54611. -   (88) L. B. Mlinar, E. J. Chung, E. A. Wonder and M. Tirrell,     Biomaterials, 2014, 35, 8678-8686. -   (89) M. J. Webber, J. Kessler and S. Stupp, Journal of internal     medicine, 2010, 267, 71-88. -   (90) M. Black, A. Trent, Y. Kostenko, J. S. Lee, C. Olive and M.     Tirrell, Advanced Materials, 2012, 24, 3845-3849. -   (91) A. Trent, R. Marullo, B. Lin, M. Black and M. Tirrell, Soft     Matter, 2011, 7, 9572-9582. -   (92) R. Zhang and B. D. Ulery, Journal of Bionanoscience, 2018, 12,     1-11. -   (93) R. Zhang, S. Kramer Jake, J. D. Smith, B. Allen, N, C. Leeper,     N, X. Li, L. D. Morton and B. D. Ulery, the AAPS journal, 2018. -   (94) R. Zhang, L. D. Morton, J. D. Smith, F. Gallazzi, T. A. White     and B. D. Ulery, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2018. -   (95) M. A. Moretton, R. J. Glisoni, D. A. Chiappetta and A. Sosnik,     Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010, 79, 467-479. -   (96) A. Trent, B. D. Ulery, M. J. Black, J. C. Barrett, S. Liang, Y.     Kostenko, N. A. David and M. V. Tirrell, The AAPS journal, 2015, 17,     380-388. -   (97) M. F. Bachmann and G. T. Jennings, Nature Reviews Immunology,     2010, 10, 787-796. -   (98) D. J. Irvine, M. A. Swartz and G. L. Szeto, Nature materials,     2013, 12, 978-990. -   (99) J. Conde, N. Oliva, Y. Zhang and N. Artzi, Nature materials,     2016, 15, 1128-1138. -   (100) R. Zhang, J. D. Smith, S. Kramer Jake, B. Allen, N, S. Martin     and B. D. Ulery, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2018. -   (101) H. A. Behanna, J. J. Donners, A. C. Gordon and S. I. Stupp,     Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2005, 127, 1193-1200. -   (102) T. Shimada, N. Sakamoto, R. Motokawa, S. Koizumi and M.     Tirrell, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2011, 116, 240-243. -   (103) S. E. Paramonov, H. W. Jun and J. D. Hartgerink,     Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7, 24-26. -   (104) J. Li, T. Wang, D. Wu, X. Zhang, J. Yan, S. Du, Y. Guo, J.     Wang and A. Zhang, Biomacromolecules, 2008, 9, 2670-2676. -   (105) R. M. Strieter, S. L. Kunkel and R. C. Bone, Critical care     medicine, 1993, 21, S447. -   (106) O. Takeuchi, K. Hoshino, T. Kawai, H. Sanjo, H. Takada, T.     Ogawa, K. Takeda and S. Akira, Immunity, 1999, 11, 443-451. -   (107) M. Yoshizumi, M. A. Perrella, J. C. Burnett and M. E. Lee,     Circulation research, 1993, 73, 205-209. -   (108) M. Linderholm, C. Ahlm, B. Settergren, A. Waage and A. Tamvik,     The Journal of infectious diseases, 1996, 173, 38-43. -   (109) D. J. Lenschow, T. L. Walunas and J. A. Bluestone, Annual     review of immunology, 1996, 14, 233-258. -   (110) K. Pletincloc, A. Dohler, V. Pavlovic and M. B. Lutz,     Frontiers in immunology, 2011, 2, 39. -   (111) M. H. Sayegh and L. A. Turka, New England Journal ofMedicine,     1998, 338, 1813-1821. -   (112) S. Jhunjhunwala, G. Raimondi, A. J. Glowacki, S. J. Hall, D.     Maskarinec, S. H. Thorne, A. W. Thomson and S. R. Little, Advanced     materials, 2012, 24, 4735-4738. -   (113) M. Delgado, E. Gonzalez-Rey and D. Ganea, The FASEB journal,     2004, 18, 1453-1455. -   (114) X. Jiang, H. Jing and D. Ganea, Journal of neuroimmunology,     2002, 133, 81-94. -   (115) B. Arellano, D. J. Graber and C. L. Sentman, Discovery     medicine, 2016, 22, 73. -   (116) M.-G. Roncarolo and M. Battaglia, Nature Reviews Immunology,     2007, 7, nri2138. -   (117) K. S. Smigiel, S. Srivastava, J. M. Stolley and D. J.     Campbell, Immunological reviews, 2014, 259, 40-59. -   (118) M. Delgado, A. Reduta, V. Sharma and D. Ganea, Journal of     leukocyte biology, 2004, 75, 1122-1130. -   (119) M. Delgado and D. Ganea, The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 167,     966-975. -   (120) I. Langer, British journal of pharmacology, 2012, 166, 79-84. -   (121) M. O′Donnell, R. Garippa, N. O'Neill, D. Bolin and J.     Cottrell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1991, 266, 6389-6392. -   (122) D. Missirlis, D. V. Krogstad and M. Tirrell, Molecular     pharmaceutics, 2010, 7, 2173-2184. -   (123) K. Kato, C. Itoh, T. Yasukouchi and T. Nagamune, Biotechnology     progress, 2004, 20, 897-904. -   (124) T.-y. Wang, R. Leventis and J. R. Silvius, Journal of     Biological Chemistry, 2005, 280, 22839-22846. -   (125) S. Onoue, A. Matsumoto, Y. Nagano, K. Ohshima, Y. Ohmori, S.     Yamada, R. Kimura, T. Yajima and K. Kashimoto, European journal of     pharmacology, 2004, 485, 307-316. -   (126) A. Chorny, E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Fernandez-Martin, D. Pozo, D.     Ganea and M. Delgado, Proceedings of the National Academy of     Sciences of the United States of America, 2005, 102, 13562-13567. -   (127) M. Vulcano, C. Albanesi, A. Stoppacciaro, R. Bagnati, G.     D'Amico, S. Struyf, P. Transidico, R. Bonecchi, A. Del Prete and P.     Allavena, European journal of immunology, 2001, 31, 812-822. -   (128) Ding, H.; Prodinger, W. M.; Kopecek, J., Identification of     CD21-Binding Peptides with Phage Display and Investigation of     Binding Properties of HPMA Copolymer-Peptide Conjugates.     Bioconjugate Chemistry 2006, 17 (2), 514-523. -   (129) Ding, H.; Prodinger, W. M.; Kopecek, J., Two-Step Fluorescence     Screening of CD21-Binding Peptides with One-Bead One-Compound     Library and Investigation of Binding Properties of     N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer-Peptide Conjugates.     Biomacromolecules 2006, 7 (11), 3037-3046. -   (130) McGuire, M. J.; Samli, K. N.; Chang, Y. C.; Brown, K. C.,     Novel ligands for cancer diagnosis: Selection of peptide ligands for     identification and isolation of B-cell lymphomas. Experimental     Hematology 2006, 34 (4), 443-452. -   (131) Martucci, N. M.; Migliaccio, N.; Ruggiero, I.; Albano, F.;     Cali, G.; Romano, S.; Terracciano, M.; Rea, I.; Arcari, P.;     Lamberti, A., Nanoparticle-based strategy for personalized B-cell     lymphoma therapy. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2016, 11,     6089-6101. -   (132) Tutykhina, I.; Esmagambetov, I.; Bagaev, A.; Pichugin, A.;     Lysenko, A.; Shcherbinin, D.; Sedova, E.; Logunov, D.; Shmarov, M.;     Ataullakhanov, R.; Naroditsky, B.; Gintsburg, A., Vaccination     potential of B and T epitope-enriched NP and M2 against Influenza A     viruses from different Glades and hosts. PLoS One 2018, 13 (1),     e0191574. -   (133) Fiers, W.; De Filette, M.; Birkett, A.; Neirynck, S.; Min Jou,     W., A “universal” human influenza A vaccine. Virus Research 2004,     103 (1-2), 173-176. -   (134) Stanekova, Z.; Vareckova, E., Conserved epitopes of influenza     A virus inducing protective immunity and their prospects for     universal vaccine development. Virology Journal 2010, 7, 351. -   (135) Wolf, A. I.; Mozdzanowska, K.; Williams, K. L.; Singer, D.;     Richter, M.; Hoffman, R.; Caton, A. J.; Otvos, L.; Erikson, J.,     Vaccination with M2e-Vased Multiple Antigenic Peptides:     Characterization of the B Cell Response and Protection Efficacy in     Inbred and Outbred Mice. PLoS One 2011, 6 (12), e28445. -   (136) Chun, S.; Li, C.; Van Domselaar, G.; Wang, J.; Farnsworth, A.;     Cui, X.; Rode, H.; Cyr, T. D.; He, R.; Li, X., Universal antibodies     and their applications to the quantitative determination of     virtually all subtypes of the influenza A viral hemagglutinins.     Vaccine 2008, 26 (48), 6068-6076. -   (137) Rosendahl Huber, S. K.; Camps, M. G. M.; Jacobi, R. H. J.;     Mouthaan, J.; van Dijken, H.; van Beek, J.; Ossendorp, F.; de Jonge,     J., Synthetic long peptide influenza vaccine containing conserved T     and B cell epitopes reduces viral load in lungs of mice and ferrets.     PLoS One 2015, 10 (6), e0127969. -   (138) Vaccaro, L.; Cross, K. J.; Kleinjung, J.; Straus, S. K.;     Thomas, D. J.; Wharton, S. A.; Skehel, J. J.; Fraternali, F.,     Plastic of influenza haemagglutinin fusion peptide and their     interaction with lipid bilayers. Biophysical Journal 2005, 88 (1),     25-36. -   (139) Esbjorner, E. K.; Oglecka, K.; Lincoln, P.; Graslund, A.;     Norden, B., Membrane Binding of pH-Sensitive Influenza Fusion     Peptides. Positioning, Configuration, and Induced Leakage in a Lipid     Vesicle Model. Biochemistry 2007, 46 (47), 13490-13504. -   (140) Doyle, T. M.; Jaentschke, B.; Van Domselaar, G.; Hashem, A.     M.; Farnsworth, A.; Borbes, N. E.; Li, C.; Wang, J.; He, R.;     Brown, E. G.; Li, X., The Universal Epitope of Influenza A Viral     Neuraminidase Fundamentally Contributes to Enzyme Activity and Viral     Replication. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013, 288 (25),     18283-18289. -   (141) Doyle, T. M.; Hashem, A. M.; Li, C.; Van Domselaar, G.;     Larocque, L.; Wang, J.; Smith, D.; Cyr, T.; Farnsworth, A.; He, R.;     Hurt, A. C.; Brown, E. G.; Li, X., Universal anti-neuraminidase     antibody inhibiting all influenza A subtypes. Antiviral Research     2013, 100 (2), 567-574. -   (142) Wu, K.-W.; Chien, C.-Y.; Li, S.-W.; King, C.-C.; Chang, C.-H.,     Highly conserved influenza A virus epitope sequences as candidates     of H3N2 flu vaccine targets. Genomics 2012, 100 (2), 102-109. -   (143) Falugi, F.; Petracca, R.; Mariani, M.; Luzzi, E.; MAncianti,     S.; Carinci, V.; Melli, M. L.; Finco, O.; Wack, A.; Di Tommaso, A.;     De Magistris, M. T.; Costantino, P.; Del Guidice, G.; Abrignani, S.;     Rappuoli, R.; Grandi, G., Rationally designed strings of promiscuous     CD4+ T cell epitopes provide help to Haemohilus influenzae type b     oligosaccharide: a model for new conjugate vaccines. European     Journal of Immunology 2001, 31 (12), 3816-3824. -   (144) Greenstein, J. L.; Schad, V. C.; Goodwin, W. H.; Brauer, A.     B.; Bollinger, B. K.; Chin, R. D.; Kuo, M. C., A universal T cell     epitope-containing peptide from hepatitis B surface antigen can     enhance antibody specific for HIV gp120. Journal of Immunology 1992,     148 (12), 3970-3977. -   (145) Fraser, C. C.; Altreuter, D. H.; Ilyinskii, P.; Pittet, L.;     LaMothe, R. A.; Keegan, M.; Johnston, L.; Kishimoto, T. K.,     Generation of a universal CD4 memory T cell recall peptide effective     in humans, mice and non-human primates. Vaccine 2014, 32 (24),     2896-2903. -   (146) Park, H.-Y.; Tan, P. S.; Kavishna, R.; Ker, A.; Lu, J.;     Chan, C. E. Z.; Hanson, B. J.; MacAry, P. A.; Caminschi, I.;     Shortman, K.; Alonso, S.; Lahoud, M. H., Enhancing vaccine antibody     responses by targeting Clec9A on dendritic cells. npj Vaccines 2017,     2, 31. -   (147) Alexander, J.; Sidney, J.; Southwood, S.; Ruppert, J.;     Oseroff, C.; Maewal, A.; Snoke, K.; Serra, H. M.; Kubo, R. T.;     Sette, A.; Grey, H. M., Development of high potency universal     DR-restricted helper epitopes by modification of high affinity     DR-blocking peptides. Immunity 1994, 1 (9), 751-761. -   (148) Alexander, J.; Del Guercio, M. F.; Maewal, A.; Qiao, L.;     Fikes, J.; Chesnut, R. W.; Paulson, J.; Bundle, D. R.; DeFrees, S.;     Sette, A., Linear PADRE T helper epitope and carbohydrate B cell     epitope conjugates induce specific high titer IgG antibody     responses. Journal of Immunology 2000, 164 (3), 1625-1633. -   (149) Pompano, R. P.; Chen, J.; Verbus, E. A.; Han, H.; Fridman, A.;     McNeely, T.; Collier, J. H.; Chong, A. S., Titrating T cell Epitopes     within Self-Assembled Vaccines Optimizes CD4+ Helper T Cell and     Antibody Outputs. Advanced Healthcare Materials 2014, 3 (11),     1898-1908. -   (150) Kashi, V. P.; Jacob, R. A.; Shamanna, R. A.; Menon, M.;     Balasiddaiah, A.; Varghese, R. K.; Bachu, M.; Ranga, U., The     grafting of universal T-helper epitopes enhances immunogenicity of     HIV-1 Tat concurrently improving its safety profile. PLoS One 2014,     9 (12), e114155. -   (151) Sioud, M.; Skorstad, G.; Mobergslien, A.; Saeboe-Larssen, S.,     A novel peptide carrier for efficient targeting of antigens and     nucleic acids to dendritic cells. The FASEB Journal 2012, 27 (8),     3272-3283. -   (152) Akazawa, T.; Ohashi, T.; Nakajima, H.; Nishizawa, Y.; Kodama,     K.; Sugiura, K.; Inaba, T.; Inoue, N., Development of a dendritic     cell-targeting lipopeptide as an immunoadjuvant that inhibits tumor     growth without inducing local inflammation. International Journal of     Cancer 2014, 135 (12), 2847-2856. -   (153) De Silva, N. H.; Akazawa, T.; Wijewardana, W.; Inoue, N.;     Oyamada, M.; Ohta, A.; Tachibana, Y.; Wijesekera, D. P. H.;     Kuwamura, M.; Nishizawa, Y.; Itoh, K.; Izawa, T.; Hatoya, S.;     Hasegawa, T.; Yamate, J.; Inaba, T.; Sugiura, K., Development of     effective tumor immunotherapy using a novel dendritic cell-targeting     Toll-like receptor ligand. PLoS One 2017, 12 (11), e0188738. -   (154) Yan, Z.; Wu, Y.; Du, J.; Li, G.; Wang, S.; Cao, W.; Zhou, X.;     Wu, C.; Zhang, D.; Jing, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Gao, Y.; Qi, Y., A     novel peptide targeting Clec9a on dendritic cell for cancer     immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2016, 7 (26), 40437-40450. -   (155) Zeng, B.; Middelberg, A. P.; Gemiarto, A.; MacDonald, K.;     Baxter, A. G.; Talekar, M.; Moi, D.; Tullett, K. M.; Caminschi, I.;     Lahoud, M. H.; Mazzieri, R.; Dolcetti, R.; Thomas, R.,     Self-adjuvanting nanoemulsion targeting dendritic cell receptor     Clec9A enables antigen-specific immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical     Investigation 2018, 128 (5), 1971-1984. -   (156) Jung, S. N.; Kang, S. K.; Yeo, G. H.; Li, H. Y.; Jiang, T.;     Nah, J. W.; Bok, J. D.; Cho, C. S.; Choi, Y. J., Targeted delivery     of vaccine to dendritic cells by chitosan nanoparticles conjugated     with a targeting peptide ligand selected by phage display technique.     Macromolecular Bioscience 2015, 15 (3), 395-404. -   (157) Alexander, J.; Bisel, P.; del Guercio, M. F.;     Marinkovic-Petrovic, A.; Southwood, S.; Stewart, S.; Ishioka, G.;     Kotturi, M. F.; Botten, J.; Sidney, J.; Newman, M.; Sette, A.,     Identification of broad binding class I HLA supertype epitopes to     provide universal converage of influenza A virus. Human Immunology     2010, 71 (5), 468-474. -   (158) Stambas, J.; Doherty, P. C.; Turner, S. J., An In Vivo     Cytotoxicity Threshold for Influenza A Virus-Specific Effector and     Memoory CD8+ T Cells. Journal of Immunology 2007, 178 (3),     1285-1292. -   (159) Si, Y.; Wen, Y.; Kelly, S. H.; Chong, A. S.; Collier, J. H.,     Intranasal delivery of adjuvant-free peptide nanofibers elicits     resident CD8+ T cell responses. Journal of Controlled Release 2018,     S0169-3659 (18), 30216-5. -   (160) Tan, A. C. L.; Deliyannis, G.; Bharadwaj, M.; Brown, L. E.;     Zeng, W.; Jackson, D. C., The design and proof of concept for a CD8+     T cell-based vaccine inducing cross-subtype protection against     influenza A virus. Immunology and Cell Biology 2012, 91 (1), 96-104. -   (161) Writer, M. J.; Marshall, B.; Pilkington-Miksa, M. A.;     Barker, S. E.; Jacobsen, M.; Kritz, A.; Bell, P. C.; Lester, D. H.;     Tabor, A. B.; Hailes, H. C.; Klein, N.; Hart, S. L., Targeted gene     delivery to human airway epithelial cells with synthetic vectors     incorporating novel targeting peptide selected by phage display.     Journal of Drug Targeting 2004, 12 (4), 185-193. -   (162) Manunta, M. D. I.; Tagalakis, A. D.; Attwood, M.;     Aldossary, A. M.; Barnes, J. L.; Munye, M. M.; Weng, A.;     McAnulty, R. J.; Hart, S. L., Delivery of ENaC siRNA to epithelial     cells mediated by a targeted nanocomplex: A therapeutic strategy for     cystic fibrosis. Scientific Reports 2017 7(1), 700. -   (163) Jost, P. J.; Harbottle, R. P.; Knight, A.; Miller, A. D.;     Coutelle, C.; Schneider, H., A novel peptide, THALWHT, for the     targeting of human airway epithelia. FEBS Letters 2001, 489 (2-3),     263-269. -   (164) Nicol, M. Q.; Ligertwood, Y.; Bacon, M. N.; Dutia, B. M.;     Nash, A. A., A novel family family of peptides with potent activity     against influenza A viruses. Journal of General Virology 2012, 93     (Pt 5), 980-986. -   (165) Ammendolia, M. G.; Agamennone, M.; Pietrantoni, A.; Lannutti,     F.; Siciliano, R. A.; De Giulio, B.; Amici, C.; Superti, F., Bovine     lactoferrin-derived peptides as novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of     influenza virus. Pathogens and Global Health 2012, 106 (1), 12-19. -   (166) Ghanem, A.; Mayer, D.; Chase, G.; Tegge, W.; Frank, R.; Kochs,     G.; Garcia-Sastre, A.; Schwemmle, M., Peptide-Mediated Interference     with Influenza A Virus Polymerase. Journal of Virology 2007, 81     (14), 7801-7804. -   (167) Wunderlich, K.; Mayer, D.; Ranadheera, C.; Holler, A.-S.;     Manz, B.; Martin, A.; Chase, G.; Tegge, W.; Frank, R.; Kessler, U.;     Schwemmle, M., Identification of a PA-Binding Peptide with     Inhibitory Activity against Influenza A and B Virus Replication.     PLoS One 2009, 4 (10), e7517. -   (168) Jones, J. C.; Settles, E. W.; Brandt, C. R.; Schultz-Cherry,     S., Identification of the Minimal Active Sequence of an     Anti-Influenza Virus Peptide. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy     2011, 55 (4), 1810-1813. -   (169) Nasser, E. H.; Judd, A. K.; Sanchez, A.; Anastasiou, D.;     Bucher, D. J., Antiviral Activity of Influenza Virus M1 Zinc Finger     Peptides. Journal of Virology 1996, 70 (12), 8639-8644. -   (170) Judd, A. K.; Sanchez, A.; Bucher, D.; Huffman, J. H.; Bailey,     K.; Sidwell, R. W., In Vivo Anti-Influenza Virus Activity of a Zinc     Finger Peptide. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1997, 41 (3),     687-692. -   (171) Chung, E. J.; Nord, K.; Sugimoto, M. J.; Wonder, E.; Tirrell,     M., Monocyte-Targeting Supramolecular Micellar Assemblies: A     Molecular Diagnostic Tool for Atherosclerosis. Advanced Healthcare     Materials 2015, 4 (3), 367-376. -   (172) Poon, C.; Chowdhuri, S.; Kuo, C.-H.; Fang, Y.; Alenghat, F.     J.; Hyatt, D.; Kani, K.; Gross, M. E.; Chung, E. J., Protein mimetic     and anticancer properties of monocyte-targeting peptide amphiphile     micelles. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 2017, 3 (12),     3273-3282. -   (173) Zhang, X.; Bajic, G.; Andersen, G. R.; Christiansen, S. H.;     Vorup-Jensen, T., The cationic pepitde LL-37 binds Mac-1     (CD11b/CD18) with a low dissociation rate and promotes phagocytosis.     Biochimica et Biphysica Acta 2016, 1864 (5), 471-478. -   (174) Lishko, V. K.; Moreno, B.; Podolnikova, N. P.; Ugarova, T. P.,     Identification of Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 as a Ligand for     Macrophage Integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) that Promotes     Phagocytosis by Opsonizing Bacteria. Research and Reports in     Biochemistry 2016, 2016 (6), 39-55. -   (175) Scodeller, P.; Simon-Gracia, L.; Kopanchuk, S.; Tobi, A.;     Kilk, K.; Saalik, P.; Kurm, K.; Squadrito, M. L.; Kotamraju, V. R.;     Rinken, A.; De Palma, M.; Ruoslahti, E.; Teesalu, T., Precision     Targeting of Tumor Macrophages with a CD206 Binding Peptide.     Scientific Reports 2017, 7, 14655. -   (176) Banerjee, G.; Medda, S.; Basu, M. K., A Novel Peptide-Grafted     Liposomal Delivery System Targeted to Macrophages. 42 1998, 2     (348-351). -   (177) Delgado, M.; Munoz-Elias, E. J.; Gomariz, R. P.; Ganea, D.,     Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate     Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Enhance IL-10 PRoduction by Murine     Macrophages: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Journal of Immunology     1999, 162 (3), 1707-1716. -   (178) Tan, Y.-V.; Abad, C.; Wang, Y.; Lopez, R.; Waschek, J. A.,     VPAC2 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2) receptor     deficient mice develop exacerbated experimental autoimmuno     encephalomyelitis with increased Th1/Th17 and reduced Th2/Treg     responses. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2015, 44, 167-175. -   (179) Yanofsky, S. D.; Baldwin, D. N.; Butler, J. H.; Holden, F. R.;     Jacobs, J. W.; Balasubramanian, P.; Chinn, J. P.; Cwirla, S. E.;     Peters-Bhatt, E.; Whitehorn, E. A.; Tate, E. H.; Akeson, A.;     Bowlin, T. L.; Dower, W. J.; Barrett, R. W., High affinity type I     interleukin 1 receptor antagonists discovered by screening     recombinant peptide libraries. Proceedings of the National Academy     of Sciences 1996, 93 (14), 7381-7386. -   (180) Fok, E.; Sandeman, S. R.; Guildford, A. L.; Martin, Y. H., The     Use of an IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Peptide to Control Inflammation     in the Treatment of Corneal Limbal Epithelial Stem Cell Deficiency.     BioMed Research International 2015, 2015, 516318. -   (181) Pena, O. M.; Afacan, N.; Pistolic, J.; Chen, C.; Madera, L.;     Falsafi, R.; Fj ell, C. D.; Hancock, R. E. W., Synthetic Cationic     Peptide IDR-1018 Modulates Human Macrophage Differentiation. PLoS     One 2013, 2013 (8), 1. -   (182) Freitas, C. G.; Lima, S. M. F.; Freire, M. S.;     Cantuaria, A. P. C.; Junior, N. G. O.; Santos, T. S.; Folha, J. S.;     Ribeiro, S. M.; Dias, S. C.; Rezende, T. M. B.; Albuquerque, P.;     Nicola, A. M.; de la Fuente-Nunez, C.; Hancock, R. E. W.; Franco, O.     L.; Felipe, M. S. S., An Immunomodulatory Peptide Confers Protection     in an Experimental Candidemia Murine Model. Antimicrobial Agents and     Chemotherapy 2017, 61 (8), e02518-16. -   (183) Brugnano, J. L.; Chan, B. K.; Seal, B. L.; Panitch, A.,     Cell-penetrating peptides can confer biological function: regulation     of inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes by MK2 inhibitor     peptides. Journal of Controlled Release 2011, 155 (2), 128-133. -   (184) Poh, S.; Lin, J. B.; Panitch, A., Release of Anti-inflammatory     Peptides from Thermosensitive Nanoparticles with Degradable     Cross-Links Suppresses Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production.     Biomacromolecules 2015, 16 (4), 1191-1200. -   (185) Aoki, K.; Saito, H.; Itzstein, C.; Ishiguro, M.; Shibata, T.;     Blangue, R.; Mian, A. H.; Takahashi, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Yoshimatsu, M.;     Yamaguchi, A.; Deprez, P.; Mollat, P.; Murali, R.; Ohya, K.;     Horne, W. C.; Baron, R., A TNF receptor loop peptide mimic blocks     RANK ligand-induced signaling, bone resorption, and bone loss.     Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006, 116 (6), 1525-1534. -   (186) Saito, H.; Kohima, T.; Takahashi, M.; Horne, W. C.; Baron, R.;     Amagasa, T.; Ohya, K.; Aoki, K., A tumor necrosis factor receptor     loop peptide mimic inhibits bone destruction to the same extent as     anti-tumor necrosis monoclonal antibody in murine collagen-induced     arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2007, 56 (4), 1164-1174.

Whereas particular embodiments have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details may be made without departing from the disclosure as described in the appended claims. 

1. A triblock peptide of the formula: A-B-C wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block, wherein one of B and C is a peptide block and the other of B and C is a zwitterion-like block.
 2. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the lipid moiety comprises a plurality of lipid molecules.
 3. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the lipid moiety comprises a lipid molecule selected from the group consisting of a C₂-C₃₈ saturated fatty acid, a C₂-C₃₈ unsaturated fatty acid, a bioactive lipid moiety and combinations thereof.
 4. The triblock peptide of claim 3, wherein the bioactive lipid moiety comprises from 1 to 8 saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids or combinations thereof, linked together.
 5. The triblock peptide of claim 3, wherein the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of the bioactive lipid comprise C₂-C₃₈ fatty acids.
 6. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the lipid moiety comprises a lipid molecule selected from the group consisting ofacetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, heneicosylic acid, behenic acid, tricosylic acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, heptacosylic acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, henatriacontylic acid, lacceroic acid, psyllic acid, geddic acid, ceroplastic acid, hexatriacontylic acid, heptatriacontanoic acid, octatricontanoic acid a-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, y-linolenic acid, dihomo-y-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, paullinic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, gondoic acid, erucic acid, nervonic acid, mead acid, valproic acid, monopho sphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and its analogs, dipalmityolcysteinylserinyltetralysine (P₂CSK₄), squalamine and its analogs, squalene and its analogs, leukotriene B₄, prostaglandin E₂, thromboxane A₂, prostacyclin I₂, pho sphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lysopho sphatidic acid, sphingo sine-1-phosphate, N-arrachidonylethanolamine, 2- arachidonylglycerol, N-palmitoylethanolamine, eicosapentaenoic acid, lipoxin A₄, docosahexaenoic acid, resolvin E1, resolvin D₁, and maresin 1, and combinations thereof.
 7. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the lipid moiety comprises palmitic acid.
 8. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the lipid moiety comprises a linker.
 9. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide block comprises a plurality of peptide molecules.
 10. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide block comprises peptide molecules selected from the group consisting of immunogenic peptides, immunoactive peptides and anti-cancer peptides.
 11. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide block has a molecular weight from 75 g/mol to 80,000 g/mol.
 12. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide block comprises from 1 to 50 amino acids.
 13. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide block comprises a peptide selected from the group consisting of ovalbumin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
 14. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide block comprises a peptide selected from the group consisting of TB10.4, ESAT6, Ag85B, malaria peptide antigen, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, TNF-alpha antigen, Tyrosinase386-406, Melan-A/MART151-73, gp10044-59, Tyrosinase56-70, MAGE-A3281-295, MAGE-A1,2,3,6121-134, KIMDQVQQA, RLQEDPPAGV, KLDVGNAEV, YLMDTSGKV, ILDDIGHGV, LLDRFLATV, FLYDDNQRV, ALMEQQHYV, LLIDDKGTIKL, YLIELIDRV, NLMEQPIKV, FLAEDALNTV, NY-ESO-1, HER1, HER2, HER3, HER4, PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, WP1, WP2, WP3, WP4, B Cell Targeting Peptide—CD21-Specific P1—RMWPSSTVNLSAGRR, B Cell Targeting Peptide—CD21-Specific P21—Specific B1—YILIHRN, Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide—CD21-Specific P2—PNLDFSPTCSFRFGC, Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide—CD21-Specific B2—PTLDPLP, Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide—A20-1 BCR—SAKTAVSQRVWLPSHRGGEP, Alternative B Cell Targeting Peptide—A2036 BCR—EYVNCDNLVGNCVI, Alternative B Cell Targeting Aptamer—CD19 Aptamer, B Cell Epitope Peptide—M2₍₁₎₂₋₂₄—(M) SLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSD, B Cell Epitope Peptide—HA2₁₋₁₄₍₍₍₁₆₎₂₀₎₂₃₎—GLFGAIAGFIENGW (((EG) MIDG) WYG), B Cell Epitope Peptide—NA₂₂₂₋₂₃₀—ILRTQSEC, Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide—NP₁₄₇₋₁₅₅—TYQRTRALV, Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide—NP₂₄₃₋₂₅₁—RESRNPGNA, Alternative B Cell Epitope Peptide—HA2₆₈₋₈₄—KEFSEVEGRIQDLEKYV, Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide—HBsAg₁₉₋₃₃—FFLLTRILTIPQSLD, Universal Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide—TpD ILMQYIKANSKFIGIPMGLPQSIALSSLMVAQ, Alternative Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide—PADRE—A(a)KF(X)VAAWTLKAAA(a), Alternative Helper T Cell Epitope Peptide—Pol₇₁₁—EKVYLAWVPAHKGIG, DC Targeting Peptide—NW—NWYLPWLGTNDW, DC Targeting Peptide—h11c—ATPEDNGRSFS, Alternative DC Targeting Peptide—WH—WPRFHSSVFHTH, Alternative DC Targeting Peptide—TP—TPAFRYS, Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide—PB1₅₉₀₋₅₉₉-LVSDGGPNLY, Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide—NP₃₉₋₄₇-FYIQMCTEL, Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide—NP₃₆₆₋₃₇₄-ASNENMETM, Cytotoxic T Cell Epitope Peptide—PA₂₂₄₋₂₃₃—SSLENFRAYV, Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide—M1₅₈₋₆₆—GILGFVFTL, Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide—PA₄₆₋₅₄—FMYSDFHFI, Alternative T Cell Epitope Peptide—NS1₁₂₂₋₁₃₀—AIMDKNIIL, Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide—Peptide E—SERSMNF, Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide—Peptide Y—YGLPHKF, Alternative Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide—Peptide G—PSGAARA, Alternative Epithelial Cell Targeting Peptide—Peptide EPI—THALWHT, Anti-Viral Peptide—FluPep4—RRKKWLVFFVIFYFFR, Anti-Viral Peptide—LF C-Lobe₅₅₃₋₅₆₃—NGESSADWAKN, Anti-Viral Peptide—PB1₁₋₂₅—MDVNPTLLFLKVPAQNAISTTFPYT, Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide—FluPep3—WLVFFVIFYFFRRRKK, Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide—LF C-Lobe₄₁₈₋₄₂₉—SKHSSLDCVLRP, Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide—Derived EB Peptide—RRKKLAVLLALLA, Alternative Anti-Viral Peptide—Peptide 6—CATCEQIADS QHRSHRQMV, Macrophage Targeting Peptide—MCP-1—YNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSK, Macrophage Targeting Peptide—LL-37—LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES , Alternative Macrophage Targeting Peptide—CD206—CSPGAKVRC, Alternative Macrophage Targeting Peptide—fMLP—fMLP, Immunomodulatory Peptide—VIP—HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN, Immunomodulatory Peptide—AF10847 (IL- 1R_(ANT))—ETPFTWEESNAYYWQPYALPL, Immuno modulatory Peptide—IDR-1018—VRLIVAVRIWRR, Alternative Immunomodulatory Peptide—KAF—KAFAKLAARLYRKALARQLGVAA, Alternative Immunomodulatory Peptide—WP9QY—YCWSQYLCY and combinations thereof.
 15. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the zwitterion-like block has a molecular weight from 200 g/mol to 60,000 g/mol.
 16. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the zwitterion-like block comprises from two to fifty amino acids.
 17. The triblock peptide of claim 16, wherein the zwitterion-like block is selected from the group consisting of (K_(X)E_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)G_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)K_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)G_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)K_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)E_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)E_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)G_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)R_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)G_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)R_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)E_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)D_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)G_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)K_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)G_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)K_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)D_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)D_(Y)G_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)G_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)R_(Y)Gz)_(B), (D_(X)G_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)R_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (G_(X)D_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)E_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)A_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)K_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)A_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)K_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)E_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)E_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)A_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)R_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (E_(X)A_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)R_(Y)E_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)E_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)D_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (K_(X)A_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)K_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)A_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)K_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)D_(Y)K_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)D_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (R_(X)A_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)R_(Y)A_(Z))_(B), (D_(X)A_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), (A_(X)R_(Y)D_(Z))_(B), and (A_(X)D_(Y)R_(Z))_(B), wherein X, Y, and Z, are any number from 0-50, and B is any number from 0-1.
 18. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the zwitterion-like block is (EK)₄.
 19. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the blocks are in an arrangement selected from the group consisting of lipid-peptide-zwitterion, lipid-zwitterion-peptide, peptide-lipid-zwitterion, peptide-zwitterion-lipid, zwitterion-lipid-peptide, and zwitterion-peptide-lipid.
 20. The triblock peptide of claim 1, wherein the peptide assembles into a micelle when in a liquid.
 21. The triblock peptide of claim 20, wherein the micelles are from 4 nm to 100 μm in greatest dimension.
 22. The triblock peptide of claim 20, wherein the micelles form structures selected from the group consisting of spheres, cylinders, worm-like structures and combinations thereof.
 23. The triblock peptide of claim 20, wherein the micelles form higher-order structures.
 24. The triblock peptide of claim 23, wherein the higher-order structures are selected from the group consisting of clusters, twines, braids, nets and combinations thereof.
 25. The triblock peptide of claim 23, wherein the higher-order structures are from 10 nm to 100 μm in greatest dimension.
 26. The triblock peptide of claim 20, wherein the peptides confined within the micelles form secondary structures.
 27. The triblock peptide of claim 26, wherein the secondary structures are selected from the group consisting of α-helix, β-sheet, triple helix, 3-10 helix, random coil and combinations thereof.
 28. A pharmaceutical composition, the composition comprising a triblock peptide of the formula: A-B-C wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block, wherein one of B and C is a peptide block and the other of B and C is a zwitterion-like block; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the triblock peptide is arranged in a micelle.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the composition is a vaccine composition and further comprises an immune effective amount of an adjuvant.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of analgesic adjuvant, an inorganic compound, a mineral oil, a bacterial product, a delivery system, a cytokine, a food-based oil, a nonbacterial organic compound, an oligonucleotide, a plant based saponin and combinations thereof.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of an aluminium salt, aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, a salt of calcium, iron or zinc, an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine or acylated sugars, cationically or anionically derivatised saccharides, polyphosphazenes, biodegradable microspheres, ceramide, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), lipid A derivatives (e.g., of reduced toxicity), 3-O-deacylated MPL [3D-MPL], quit A, Saponin, QS21, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.), AS-2 (Smith-Kline Beecham, Philadelphia, Pa.), CpG oligonucleotides, poly(I:C), bioadhesives and mucoadhesives, microparticles, liposomes, polyoxyethylene ether formulations, polyoxyethylene ester formulations, muramyl peptides, squalamine and its derivatives, squalene and its derivatives, or imidazoquinolone compounds (e.g., imiquamod and its homologues), human immunomodulators, cytokines, interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte, macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and combinations thereof.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of immunogenic compositions, immunomodulatory compositions, and anti-cancer compositions.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the micelles are from 4 nm to 100 μm in greatest dimension.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the micelles form structures selected from the group consisting of spheres, cylinders, worm-like structures and combinations thereof.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the micelles form higher-order structures.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the higher-order structures are selected from the group consisting of clusters, twines, braids, nets and combinations thereof.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the higher-order structures are from 10 nm to 100 μm in greatest dimension.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the peptides confined within the micelles form secondary structures.
 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein the secondary structures are selected from the group consisting of a-helix, β-sheet, triple helix, 3-10 helix, random coil and combinations thereof.
 40. (canceled)
 41. A method treating a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically-effective amount of pharmaceutical composition comprising a triblock peptide to the subject, wherein the triblock peptide is of the formula: A-B-C wherein A is a lipid moiety; and B and C are independently a peptide block or a zwitterion-like block, wherein one of B and C is a peptide block and the other of B and C is a zwitterion-like block; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the triblock peptide is arranged in a micelle.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of pathogen induced diseases or conditions, cancer, autoimmune diseases or conditions and combinations thereof.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, lupus, celiac disease, crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, glomerulonephritis, chronic Lyme disease, Addison's disease, psoriasis, scleroderma and combinations thereof. 44.-80. (canceled) 